will be available for complexation with antagonists. The attachment of a copper molecule to TM-3 and TM-4 form a rather stable complex that precipitates into the solid phase of rumen digesta, remaining stable during the transit in the gastrointestinal tract. This sequestration of copper impedes its absorption.
Figure 1: Schematic representation of interactions between sulfur (S), molybdenum (Mo) and copper (Cu) in the rumen
POTENTIATED ZINC OXIDE
COPPER(I) OXIDE High levels of iron in water and/or diets also lead to copper
deficiency, especially in grazing animals. Animals at pasture consume around 10% DM soil, rich in iron, while grazing. The mechanism behind Fe/Cu competition is still not clear, but it is believed that iron associates to sulfur, forming FeS in the rumen. This complex dissolves under the low pH of the abomasum releasing sulfur that may bind to copper, compromising its absorption. The signs of copper deficiency vary from mild symptoms such as
loss of coat condition and poor growth, to more severe symptoms like infertility and diarrhea. As forage and diet compositions are seasonal and variable from
farm to farm, secondary deficiencies are difficult to predict. Therefore, copper in ruminant diets is usually supplemented well above nutritional requirements, to guarantee copper absorption regardless of the presence of antagonists (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Estimated Cu requirement of beef cattle at several dietary Mo and S concentrations (Jongbloed et al., 2005)
COPPER(I) OXIDE
POTENTIATED ZINC OXIDE
POTENTIATED ZINC OXIDE
The slightest alteration in the dietary concentration of one of
these minerals (S, Fe and Mo) can modify the host copper status from deficiency to toxicity. In contrast with deficiency, which has been well documented these last decades, excess copper in large ruminants seems to be an underestimated trend affecting animal health and welfare.
Distributor in UK/Ireland
www.animine.eu Tel: (44) 7595 025110 FEED COMPOUNDER SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2020 PAGE 41
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