of maize, and not all of them are available in Europe, though some of them – and others – may appear in future.
Sodium and sulphur In common with the tripling effect on the protein and oil concentrations, the removal of starch during processing also triples the content of many of the mineral constituents. However, the effect of bioethanol processing on the sodium and sulphur concentrations is much greater, since they are further increased by the addition of sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid for the purposes of pH control and cleaning. Thus sodium and sulphur concentrations have been recorded as high as 0.63% and 0.84% of the dry matter in wheat DDGS, and the sulphur content of maize DDGS from some bioethanol plants has been as
high as 1.3%DM. Provided that animals have free access to water, such sodium values can usually be tolerated. But high sulphur concentrations can reduce the bio-availability of copper and other trace elements, and lead to a severe problem of the central nervous system when DDGS forms a high proportion of cattle diets. Thus a maximum sulphur content of 0.3% of the dietary dry matter has been proposed for ruminants on a high concentrate diet and to 0.6% when they are on a high forage diet.
‘Co-Product Feeds in Europe has 580 pages, which include 100 pages of references. It is available now from
rc@rcfeed.plus.com at £80 inclusive of post and packing.
EU Compound feed production 2020 expected to fall by 2.2 %
2020 EU compound feed production has been adversely affected by the spread of animal diseases and is indirectly impacted by COVID-19 due to a shift in consumer demand for products of animal origin.
EU compound feed production (EU 27 + UK) for farmed animals in 2020 is estimated at 161.4 million tonnes, a decrease of -2.2% compared to 2019, according to forecast data provided by FEFAC members. All main feed categories are set to decrease, mainly as a result of the combined indirect impact of COVID-19 affecting consumer demand for products of animal origin and the direct effects of the spread of animal diseases (African Swine Fever, Avian Influenza).
Europe where drought conditions led to poor forage harvests. A decrease of -1.1% has been forecast in EU pig feed production.
Spreading African Swine Fever triggered the Chinese import ban of pig meat from Germany. Spain can only partially replace Germany in exporting to China, due to limited production capacity. A knock-on effect of the ban is that pig meat initially destined for export to China will stay in Europe, impacting pig feed production. On top of ASF, some Member States, (e.g. The Netherlands), are depopulating their pig herds in order to lower agricultural environmental emissions. Poultry feed production, is set to decrease by -2.7% after several
years of steady increases. The poultry sector reacted to the COVID-19 lockdown measures launched in spring 2020 by reducing its production, leading to significantly lower demand for poultry feed. Following a period of partial recovery during the summer months, a further decrease is expected by the end of the year, mainly in Romania, Ireland and Spain. Avian influenza spreading in several parts of Europe will hamper any recovery on the ground. Poultry feed production may possibly lose its position as leading segment EU industrial compound feed production to pig feed, for the first time after more than a decade, as a result of a continuous downward trend.
Cattle feed production, which is estimated to decrease by -2.9%
compared to the previous year, is suffering most from the COVID-19 measures applied during the first and second waves, in particular the closure of the HORECA chain (Hotel/Restaurant/Catering). The decreased demand for more expensive cuts of meat, like veal, fresh meat and added value dairy products, have impacted the whole supply chain. Farmers have reduced usage of compound feed in their feed ratios, in order to reduce milk output and slowing growth of livestock. This was only partially compensated by rising demand in Eastern
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