A note on fi nancial fi gures: Medical device sales account for varying degrees of total revenue for medical technology and life science companies. In the case of some companies, the fi gures reported here apply only to the turnover amount and R&D expenses related to the segments of business that apply to medical devices. To compile this ranking, we used various public documents, meaning companies that haven’t disclosed their R&D spend for 2022 were not listed. To keep the currency consistent, we applied conversions based on the exchange rate at the time, meaning dollar amounts may be subject to change with fl uctuations in currency values.