durability by making it resistant to high temperatures. Additionally, it can improve subgrade [levelled off earth surface for foundation] for road construction. A case study shows that when shredded rubber was added to peat and clayey soils in Kuala Lumpur, the maximum dry density decreased and the optimum moisture content increased3
. In other words, soils
stabilised by using tyres have better absorption ability and increased shear strength.
Likewise, tile waste from either factories or construction processes, including ceramic, marble and granite can be blended or crushed into certain sizes. Powdered ceramic waste can be an effective additive to increase soil mechanical properties, including the plasticity index, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio.
What’s important to note is the optimum amount of tyre or tile material required to treat soft soils differs from one soil type to another. Therefore, we need a thorough study before undertaking any soil stabilisation project. In general, as the percentage of tyre or tile additive increases, the index and mechanical properties increase until the optimum value is reached. The optimum percentage varies depending on the type of soil and the type of additives or stabilisers used.
ENGINEERED MATERIAL PRODUCTION Both tyre and tile waste can be used as a stand-alone filler or stabiliser, or combined with other materials such as cement, fly ash or jute fibre. In producing an engineered material, tyre waste can be used to replace fine aggregates in concrete. Although this will reduce the strength of the concrete mix, the permeability will increase and thus, the concrete shrinkage will decrease. Also, if the concrete exhibits brittle behaviour, tyre waste aggregate will make it more resistant to abrasion.
When mixed with cement, tyre waste is a sustainable geomaterial for infill or
Tile waste
Meanwhile, ceramic or marble dust can substitute cement in concrete to produce stronger blocks. Ceramic or marble sludge will improve the physical
backfill of earth structures. When used as a replacement of cement, together with silica fume, the fibre can reduce the static and dynamic modulus of elasticity and increases flexibility. This kind of quality in construction material is suitable for buildings subjected to earthquakes and dynamic loading.
and mechanical properties of concrete mixes. Marble aggregate also shows durability and strength comparable to traditional aggregate. When powdered marble and granite fills and binds a self- compacted concrete, the product has less bleeding or honeycombing. With this, in the casting stage, we will not need a vibration method for compaction.
Granite dust can also partially replace sand in concrete to improve the compressive strength, durability,
split
Cement as the most common additive in soil stabilisation
Image by Juan Enrique del Barrio
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