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P ROTE IN DE TECT ION


sterile service managers with a precise tool to assess themselves the efficacy of their chemistry or AWD. The manufacturer who produces our research microscopes has now developed a simpler version (www. bestscientificanalytical.com) with specific features designed for routine protein measurements in SSDs. Fortunately, the potential second wave of vCJD deaths did not materialise to date, although incubation can take decades in asymptomatic patients. The fact this form of CJD can be transmitted by blood implies all surgical procedures carry a risk of ‘silent’ iatrogenic transmission and still justify precautionary measures and maximum efforts to limit the amount of residual proteins on instruments before autoclaving. Higher autoclaving temperatures have been proposed as a solution against potential residual prion infectivity but a study suggested this might not be enough.21 While the fear of vCJD appears restricted to the UK based on epidemiological figures, other protein residues can cause problems and keeping such residues to the minimum is a global concern. With more sensitive protein detection tools available to end users, standards could be improved and in turn stimulate the decontamination industry to develop even more effective cleaning solutions for SSDs.


Disclaimer: This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the Department of Health and Social Care Policy Research Programme (Protein Detection Trial, 007/0203). The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Department of Health and Social Care.


Acknowledgments: We thank the Sterile Services Department staff at University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust who allowed us to perform our survey and collaborated in the implementation of EDIC/ EF in their facility.


References 1. Costa DM, Lopes LKO, Tipple AFV, Castillo RB, Hu H, Deva AK, et al. Effect of hand hygiene and glove use on cleanliness of reusable surgical instruments. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2017 Dec;97(4):348-52. PubMed PMID: WOS:000416451800007. English.


2. Bernoulli C, Siegfried J, Baumgartner G, Regli F, Rabinowicz T, Gajdusek DC, et al. Danger of accidental person-to-person transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by surgery. Lancet. 1977 Feb 26;1(8009):478-9. PubMed PMID: 65575.


3. Prusiner SB, Bolton DC, Bowman KA, Cochran SP, Groth DF, Mckinley MP. Identification of a 30,000 Molecular-Weight Protein Purifying with Scrapie Prions. Clinical Research. 1983;31(2):A498-A. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1983QL28802006. English.


Figure 2: Residual proteins showed with the underlying surfaces (markings on a rongeur and Edwards handle). Bars are 100µm.


4. Will RG, Ironside JW, Zeidler M, Cousens SN, Estibeiro K, Alperovitch A, et al. A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK. Lancet. 1996 Apr 6;347(9006):921-5. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1996UD59100007. English.


5. Will RG. Acquired prion disease: iatrogenic CJD, variant CJD, kuru. Br Med Bull. 2003;66:255-65. PubMed PMID: 14522863.


6. Mckinley MP, Bolton DC, Prusiner SB. A Protease- Resistant Protein Is a Structural Component of the Scrapie Prion. Cell. 1983;35(1):57-62. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1983RR00100011. English.


7. Gill ON, Spencer Y, Richard-Loendt A, Kelly C, Dabaghian R, Boyes L, et al. Prevalent abnormal prion protein in human appendixes after bovine spongiform encephalopathy epizootic: large scale survey. BMJ. 2013;347. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f5675..


CSJ


8. Jung M, Pistolesi D, Pana A. Prion diseases and iatrogenic infections II. Decontamination. Ig Sanita Pubbl. 2005 Jul-Aug;61(4):379-410. PubMed PMID: 17242715.


9. Cloutman-Green E, Canales M, Zhou Q, Ciric L, Hartley JC, McDonnell G. Biochemical and microbial contamination of surgical devices: a quantitative analysis. Am J Infect Control. 2015 Jun;43(6):659-61. PubMed PMID: 25818023.


10. Alfa MJ, Olson N, Al-Fadhaly A. Cleaning efficacy of medical device washers in North American healthcare facilities. J Hosp Infect. 2010 Feb;74(2):168-77. PubMed PMID: 19716205.


11. Hervé R, Secker TJ, Keevil CW. Current risk of iatrogenic Creutzfeld-Jakob disease in the UK: efficacy of available cleaning chemistries and reusability of neurosurgical instruments. J Hosp Infect. 2010 Aug;75(4):309-13. PubMed PMID: 20451298.


12. Sutton JM, Dickinson J, Walker JT, Raven ND. Methods to minimize the risks of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease transmission by surgical procedures: where to set the standard? Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Sep 15;43(6):757-64. PubMed PMID: 16912952.


13. J.P.C.M. vDGH. Variability of ATP amount in last rinse water of automated washer-disinfectors demands monitoring of every load. J Hosp Infect. 2015;91(1):87-9.


14. Lipscomb IP, Pinchin HE, Collin R, Harris K, Keevil CW. The sensitivity of approved Ninhydrin and Biuret tests in the assessment of protein contamination on surgical steel as an aid to prevent iatrogenic prion transmission. J Hosp Infect. 2006 Nov;64(3):288-92. PubMed PMID: 16979795.


72 l WWW.CLINICALSERVICESJOURNAL.COM


15. Giao MS, Blanc S, Porta S, Belenguer J, Keevil CW. Improved recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from stainless steel and polytetrafluoroethylene surfaces using air/water ablation. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2015 Jul;119(1):253-62. PubMed PMID: WOS:000356709500024. English.


16. English DH. Health Technical Memorandum (HTM) 01-01. 2013; https://www.gov.uk/government/ publications/management-and-decontamination- of-surgical-instruments-used-in-acute-care


17. Keevil CW. Rapid detection of biofilms and adherent pathogens using scanning confocal laser microscopy and episcopic differential interference contrast microscopy. Water Sci Technol. 2003;47(5):105-16. PubMed PMID: 12701914.


18. Secker TJ, Hervé R, Keevil CW. Adsorption of prion and tissue proteins to surgical stainless steel surfaces and the efficacy of decontamination following dry and wet storage conditions. J Hosp Infect. 2011 Aug;78(4):251-5. PubMed PMID: 21658801.


19. Secker TJ, Pinchin HE, Hervé RC, Keevil CW. Efficacy of humidity retention bags for the reduced adsorption and improved cleaning of tissue proteins including prion-associated amyloid to surgical stainless steel surfaces. Biofouling. 2015;31(6):535-41. PubMed PMID: 26263927.


20. Herve RC, Hedges J, Keevil CW. Improved surveillance of surgical instruments reprocessing following the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease crisis in England: findings from a three-year survey. J Hosp Infect. 2021 Jan 19;110:15-25. PubMed PMID: 33482297. Epub 2021/01/23.


21. Fernie K, Hamilton S, Somerville RA. Limited efficacy of steam sterilization to inactivate vCJD infectivity. J Hosp Infect. 2012 Jan;80(1):46-51. PubMed PMID: 22099953.


About the Author


Dr. Rodolphe Hervé, senior research fellow at the University of Southampton, has over 15-year’s experience of collaborating with engineers, companies and SSDs on the reprocessing and surveillance of reusable surgical instruments and flexible endoscopes to address the issues linked to protein residues and biofilms.


APRIL 2021


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