10. How does a GNSS system attain a fix of its position? 11. How would you check the accuracy of your echo sounder? Name two methods. 12. What external factors could affect the reading from an echo sounder? List two.
13. When testing and setting up an echo sounder, what are the advantages and disadvantages of calibrating the reading to:
a) The waterline. b) The bottom of the keel/point of maximum draft. c) The transducer (no offset).
14. The illustration shows a typical GNSS status information screen.
a) Why might changing the following settings improve the quality of the GNSS fix? i) Augmentation ii) Antenna
b) What is the highest HDOP value that can reliably be used for navigation purposes? c) What benefit does the availability of multiple GNSS systems (e.g. GPS, Galileo, Glonass, BeiDou) provide?
15. a) What is the significance of the different shapes and colours of the AIS targets? b) As you make your approach to cross the Lawrence Channel TSS you monitor the vessel “Northern EPB” on AIS. How reliable is the CPA and TCPA as the vessel turns into the west-bound traffic lane?
16. Most chartplotters allow for the configuration of various aspects of the display as well as the activation of navigational alarms.
a) What is the advantage of displaying COG or HDG extension lines/vectors as time-based instead of ‘infinite’? b) What input is needed so that a HDG extention line/vector can be displayed? c) What should be considered when choosing waypoint arrival and XTE alarm distances?
E
D
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