20 Environmental Analysis Sample Preparation of Electrical and Electronic Scrap
The objectives of the new EU Directives WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) and RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) are the ecologically beneficial disposal of electrical and electronical devices (WEEE) resp. the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in these devices. Every manufacturer, seller, recycler and disposer of such products is affected by the new regulations. They are now obliged to demonstrate through analytical determinations that the directives are being observed. In this context, neutral-to-analysis sample preparation can pose a problem, as electrical and electronic waste is usually a heterogeneous mixture of metal, ceramics, plastics and composites. These materials have different breaking properties, therefore, it is necessary to carry out preliminary size reduction. For this, the Heavy Duty Cutting Mill SM 2000 from Retsch (Germany) has proved to be particularly suitable as it can handle hard and ductile as well as soft-elastic materials. Up to 5 litres of sample material can be ground to a fineness < 6 mm. With the help of a sample divider, a representative sub-sample is taken from the pre-crushed material which can then be pulverized to analytical fineness.
The fine grinding of the sample down to 200 µm is carried out in the RETSCH Ultra-Centrifugal Mill ZM 200 which not only allows for short grinding times but is also gentle on the material. It is recommendable to use liquid nitrogen or dry ice as a grinding aid. This not only improves the breaking properties and avoids frictional heat but also ensures that volatile fractions are not adversely affected. Other RETSCH mills, such as the Vibratory Disc Mill
RS 100 or the Planetary Ball Mill PM 100, are also suitable for fine grinding, depending on the breaking behaviour of the sample material. When the sample is ground to a fineness of approximately 200 µm, it is ready for analysis as either the bulk sample or as a tablet (after processing in a tablet press such as the Retsch PP 25).
Reader Reply Card no 69
New Gas Chromatograph Meets Analytical and Budgetary Needs of Labs in Developing Countries and Academia
PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences, (USA), have announced the introduction of the Clarus® 400 gas chromatograph
(GC), designed to meet the needs of industrial/analytical laboratories in price-sensitive environments and academic laboratories globally.
“Increasingly, we are tailoring our offerings to meet the skill level, analytical and productivity demands of the user. We developed the Clarus 400 GC in response to the strong demand for reliable, world-class GC technology in budget- conscious laboratories without sacrificing performance,” said Eric Ziegler, Vice President of Chromatography for PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences. “For example, the Clarus 400 GC’s single-channel and dual-channel capability with choice of injectors and detectors offers the flexibility and performance to meet diverse applications needs.” The Clarus 400 GC offers an optional autosampler for increased productivity and has a number of features to support laboratories in global markets including a choice of keypad user interfaces in five languages. It is designed for an easy installation supported by localized documentation. Also, as with all other GCs in the Clarus family, the Clarus 400 GC can be coupled with PerkinElmer’s TurboMatrix™ Headspace Samplers and Thermal Desorbers for added application capabilities. The Clarus 400 GC is an integral part of PerkinElmer’s Clarus family of GC instrumentation for customers in the environmental, food and beverage, forensics, petrochemical, materials testing and academic markets. In addition, PerkinElmer is the only gas chromatography supplier who develops, manufactures, supports and services every product it offers to provide a truly integrated system. This means one expert supplier – with best-in-class instruments and a world-class service and support organization – can address all of your applications and troubleshooting needs, from sample handling to data handling.
Reader Reply Card no 71 BOD Measurement with Direct Sample Selection and Interface
Omega’s (UK) new TJ-USB Series of thermocouple probes connect directly to a USB port on your computer. All models feature a rugged transition joint construction, an integral 2m shielded output cable, and free user software that converts any PC running on Windows 2000, XP, or Vista operating systems into a temperature meter, chart recorder and data logger. Probes with Stainless Steel, Inconel or SuperOmegaclad XL construction are available in standard lengths of 450mm and 600mm and two different ranges of -73 to 315°C or -270 to 1000°C.
Reader Reply Card no 70
OI Analytical’s (UK) new S-PRO 3200 brochure contains information on a GC system for selective, high-sensitivity measurement of sulfur compounds in gas-phase samples such as natural gas, ethylene, propylene, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and beverage grade CO2
.
Known and unknown sulfur compounds can be measured from low ppb to ppm levels, and total sulfur content is reportable as the sum of individual peaks.
GC System for Sulfur Analysis in Gas-phase Samples
Thermocouples with Convenient USB Connection
Reader Reply Card no 72 The Lovibond®
BOD-OxiDirect sensor system for permits exact and convenient measurement of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) based on the respirometric principle. All results are shown in a big display directly in mg/l BOD without the need for time-consuming conversion using factors. In addition, the measuring period can be user-selected between 1 and 28 days.
The unit measures BOD levels via the pressure drop in the closed system during a defined period of time. Following measurement, the results are stored and can be called up to the display at any time. The inductive stirrer system not only mixes the sample but also ensures optimum gas exchange between sample and gas space in the sample flask. Alongside the BOD unit to determine BOD levels, a BOD system contains sample flasks, a non-wearing inductive stirrer system, overflow measuring flask to measure the sample volume, nitrification inhibitor and potassium hydroxide as an absorbent.
Reader Reply Card no 73 October/November 2008 AET
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