Water / Wastewater 51 Understanding river temperature to better understand the eff ects of climate change


University of Birmingham, UK, and Indiana University, USA researchers are calling for an increased focus on river temperatures to better understand the effects of climate change and human activity. In a comment piece in the new journal, Nature Water, the researchers argue that river temperature is a fundamental water quality measure that regulates physical, chemical and biological processes in fl owing waters, which in turn affects ecosystems, human health, and industrial, domestic, and recreational uses by people.


The researchers suggest that river temperature holds important clues about climate change and other human impacts. Rising river temperatures could be a critical indicator for the effects of climate change, including early warning of algal blooms, waterborne pathogens, and effects on fi sh populations, which may be essential for human survival in many parts of the globe.


A comprehensive understanding of river temperatures will lead to improved understanding of temperature changes on biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and risks. This understanding is crucial in managing, mitigating, and adapting to high temperature extremes that are damaging to aquatic organisms and ecosystem services for people.


“The knowledge we currently have is inconsistent, with large variations in scale and detail – and primarily taking place in richer countries. This severely limits our ability to sustainably manage river systems, protect ecosystems and balance the competing interests of stakeholders,” said co-lead author Professor Darren Ficklin of Indiana University.


The researchers suggest creating a complete and accessible river temperature archive to highlight information gaps and underpin models for places and times for which data is lacking. By co-producing river temperature knowledge, the researchers also hope to promote collaborative research and management efforts with local and indigenous communities, avoiding ‘top-down’ decision-making on which types of data are most valuable.


Co-lead author, Professor David Hannah, UNESCO Chair in Water Sciences at the University of Birmingham, said, “More attention has been given to other water quality indicators, such as nutrients and contaminants. However, river temperature infl uences many of these factors. Emerging evidence shows that river temperatures are rising in response to climate change in many regions worldwide. On top of this, human activity is altering water temperature further; but we still need to better understand this phenomenon and its implications.”


The researchers urge for a better understanding of the role played by humans on river water temperature, which will be crucial to manage, mitigate and adapt to high temperature extremes that are damaging to aquatic organisms and ecosystem services for people.


Contactless fl ow sensor for large pipes


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NIVUS is expanding its range of clamp-on sensors to include another variant that works based on the ultrasonic transit time difference. Due to the measuring frequency of 500 kHz, these sensors are suitable for large pipe diameters or for pipe wall materials such as asbestos, cement, GRP or a multi-layer structure. The new sensors also excel in pipes with wall thicknesses of up to 30 mm. Compared to the 1 MHz version also offered, the new version can detect higher fl ow velocities even better. Another advantage is the increased acoustic penetrability through the fl uid. The signal is not so strongly attenuated, e.g. in the case of solids, gas bubbles or deposits on the inner wall of the pipe.


The clamp-on sensors are mounted on the pipe from the outside and measure without contact. This eliminates the need for drilling or similar mechanical stresses on the pipe. An interruption of the process for installation or maintenance is therefore also not necessary. In addition, this technology allows compliance with the highest hygiene standards due to the lack of contact with the measured medium. The high degree of protection of the sensors according to IP68 enables their use even under the harshest conditions. For example, the sensors can be permanently buried in the ground with the help of suitable devices. Special polymer pads ensure a permanently reliable acoustic coupling between the sensor and the pipe.


For the use of the sensors, the measurement technology manufacturer offers permanent transmitters for classic installation in control cabinets or indoors. NIVUS GmbH also provides robust and battery-operated transmitters for temporary or permanent use in harsh environmental conditions. In combination with the NIVUS solar solution, it enables permanent measuring operation even at measurement places where there is no power supply. All systems allow for data access via an online measurement data portal.


Typical applications for the new clamp-on sensors are: drinking water pipelines with large nominal diameters or special pipe wall materials, corroded and incrusted pipelines, monitoring of water infl ows, monitoring of pressure pipelines, recording of turbine effi ciency or recording of cooling process water demand, as well as recirculation pipelines with a high solids content.


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Versatile water level drawdown meter with dual functionality


The 101D Water Level DrawDown Meter from Solinst combines two convenient tools into one. It provides accurate depth-to-water measurements in wells, boreholes, standpipes, and tanks. The added drawdown function monitors falling hydraulic head during low-fl ow sampling, pumping and other aquifer/well tests. It has a sturdy reel and frame, a convenient tape guide, on/off sensitivity dial, battery test button, and an easy- to-access 9V battery tray. Levels are read from


durable fl at tape, accurately laser marked every mm or 1/100 ft. Tapes are available up to 1500 m (5000 ft). The probe is submersible for the full length of the tape.


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