36 45–52


[22] Panda AK, Singh RK, Mishra DK. Thermolysis of waste plastics to liquid fuel: A suitable method for plastic waste management and manufacture of value added products-A world prospective. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2010;14 (1):233–48


[23] Scott DS, Czernik SR, Piskorz J, Radlein DSAG. Fast pyrolysis of plastic wastes. Energy Fuels 1990;4(4):407–11.


[24] Ding W, Liang J, Anderson LL. Hydrocracking and hydroisomerization of highdensity polyethylene and waste plastic over zeolite and silica–alumina-supported Ni and Ni-Mo sulfi des. Energy Fuels 1997;11(6):1219–24.


[25] Lopez, G., Artetxe, M., Amutio, M., Bilbao, J. & Olazar, M. Termochemical routes for the valorization of waste polyolefnic plastics to produce fuels and chemicals: a review. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 73, 346–368 (2017).


[26] Achilias, D. S., Roupakias, C., Megalokonomos, P., Lappas, A. A. & Antonakou, V. Chemical recycling of plastic wastes made from polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE) and polypropylene (PP). J. Hazard. Mater. 149, 536–542 (2007).


[27] Kunwar, B., Chandrasekaran, S.R., Moser, B.R., Deluhery, J., Kim, P., Rajagopalan, N. and Sharma, B.K. (2017). Catalytic Thermal Cracking of Postconsumer Waste Plastics to Fuels. 2. Pilot-Scale Thermochemical Conversion. Energy & Fuels, 31(3), pp.2705–2715.


[28] Akpanudoh NS, Gobin K, Manos G. Catalytic degradation of plastic waste to


liquid fuel over commercial cracking catalysts: effect of polymer to catalyst


ratio/acidity content. J Mol Catal A: Chem 2005;235:67–73.


[29] Aguado J, Serrano DP, Escola JM. Fuels from waste plastics by thermal and


catalytic processes: a review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008;47(21):7982–92.


[30] Lappas, A. and Heracleous, E. (2016). Production of biofuels via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Handbook of Biofuels Production, pp.549–593.


[31] Sharratt PN, Lin YH, Garforth AA, Dwyer J. Investigation of the catalytic pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene over a HZSM- 5 catalyst in a laboratory fl uidized-bed reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 1997;36(12):5118–24.


[32] Serrano DP, Aguado J, Escola JM, Garagorri E. Performance of a continuous


screw kiln reactor for the thermal and catalytic conversion of polyethylene lubricating oil base mixtures. Appl Catal B: Environ 2003;44(2):95–105.


[33] Mrabet, Y. (2009). Fluidized Bed Reactor Graphic. [Digital] Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fluidized_ Bed_Reactor_Graphic.svg [Accessed 12 Jan. 2022].


Measurement and Testing Authors


Dr. Raj Shah is a Director at Koehler Instrument Company in New York, where he has worked for the last 27 years. He is an elected Fellow by his peers at IChemE, CMI, STLE, AIC, NLGI, INSTMC, Institute of Physics, The Energy Institute and The Royal Society of Chemistry. An ASTM Eagle award recipient, Dr. Shah recently coedited the bestseller, “Fuels and Lubricants handbook”, details of which are available at ASTM’s Long-Awaited Fuels and Lubricants Handbook 2nd Edition Now Available - Jul 15 2020 - David Phillips - Petro Industry News Articles - Petro Online (petro-online.com)


A Ph.D in Chemical Engineering from The Penn State University and a Fellow from The Chartered Management Institute, London, Dr. Shah is also a Chartered Scientist with the Science Council, a Chartered Petroleum Engineer with the Energy Institute and a Chartered Engineer with the Engineering council, UK. Dr. Shah was recently granted the honourifi c of “Eminent engineer” with Tau beta Pi, the largest engineering society in the USA. He is on the Advisory board of directors at Farmingdale university (Mechanical Technology ) , Auburn Univ ( Tribology ) and Stony Brook University ( Chemical engineering/ Material Science and engineering).


An adjunct professor at the Dept. of Material Science and Chemical Engineering at State University of New York, Stony Brook, Raj also has over 470 publications and has been active in the alternative energy arena for over 3 decades. More information on Raj can be found at Koehler Instrument Company’s Director elected as a Fellow at the International Institute of Physics Petro Online (petro-online.com)


Nikhil Pai is an engineering student whose interests and research are focused on additive manufacturing and material science. He is currently also part of a thriving internship program at Koehler instrument Company, which encourages engineering students to explore the fi eld of alternative energy technologies


[34] Development of a rotary kiln reactor for pyrolytic oil production from waste tire in Indonesia - Scientifi c Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/ fi gure/a-Design-of-rotary-kiln-pyrolysis-reactor-for-waste-tire-b- Output-hole-for-pyrolysis_fi g1_332026416


[35] Lin KS, Wang HP, Liu SH, Chang NB, Huang YJ, Wang HC. Pyrolysis kinetics of refuse-derived fuel. Fuel Process Technol 1999;60(2):103–10


[36] Grammelis P, Basinas P, Malliopoulou A, Sakellaropoulos G. Pyrolysis kinetics and combustion characteristics of waste recovered fuels. Fuel 2009;88 (1):195–205.


[37] Sorum L, Gronli MG, Hustad JE. Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of municipal solid wastes. Fuel 2001;80(9):1217–27.


[38] Kyaw KT, Hmwe CSS. Effect of various catalysts on fuel oil pyrolysis process of mixed plastics wastes. Int J Adv Eng Technol 2015;8(5):794.


[39] Kamal DM, Zainuri F. Green product of liquid fuel from plastic waste by pyrolysis at 900 C. J Energy Power Eng 2015;9:40e4


[40] Demirbas, A. (2004). Pyrolysis of municipal plastic wastes for recovery of gasoline-range hydrocarbons. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 72(1), pp.97–102.


[41] Aguado J, Serrano DP, Escola JM. Fuels from waste plastics by thermal and catalytic processes: a review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008;47(21):7982–92.


[42] Sarker, M, Rashid, MM Molla, M. Waste plastic converting


into hydrocarbon fuel materials; 2011, p. 1–8


[43] Williams PT, Slaney E. Analysis of products from the pyrolysis and liquefaction of single plastics and waste plastic mixtures. Resour Conserv Recycl 2007;51 (4):754–69.


[44] Sharma BK, Moser BR, Vermillion KE, Doll KM, Rajagopalan N. Production,


characterization and fuel properties of alternative diesel fuel from pyrolysis of


waste plastic grocery bags. Fuel Process Technol 2014;122:79– 90.


[45] Sarker M, Kabir A, Rashid MM, Molla M, Mohammad ASMD. Waste polyethylene terephthalate (PETE-1) conversion into liquid fuel. J Fundam Renew Energy Appl 2011;1:1–5.


[46] Miskolczi N, Angyal A, Bartha L, Valkai I. Fuels by pyrolysis of waste plastics from agricultural and packaging sectors in a pilot scale reactor. Fuel Process Technol 2009;90(7–8):1032–40.


[47] Elordi G, Olazar M, Lopez G, Amutio M, Artetxe M, Aguado R, Bilbao J. Catalytic


pyrolysis of HDPE in continuous mode over zeolite catalysts in a conical


spouted bed reactor. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2009;85(1–2):345–51.


[48] Uemichi Y, Nakamura J, Itoh T, Sugioka M, Garforth AA, Dwyer J. Conversion of polyethylene into gasoline-range fuels by two-stage catalytic degradation using silica–alumina and HZSM- 5 zeolite. Ind Eng Chem Res 1998;38(2):385–90


Author Contact Details Dr. Raj Shah, Koehler Instrument Company • Holtsvile, NY11742 USA • Email: rshah@koehlerinstrument.com • Web: www.koehlerinstrument.com


Is BPS really any safer than BPA? TALKING POINT


In 1891, a Russian laboratory technician synthesised bisphenol-A (BPA). In the century that followed, it became one of the building blocks of the plastics revolution. As such, it’s utterly ubiquitous; it can be found in, for example, plastic bottles, receipts, windows, glasses, cans, piping and a variety of toiletries. As you may already know, a wealth of research has demonstrated that BPA seeps into food and beverages from packing and containers, as well as shedding into dust, inhalable particles and water. Alarm bells have been sounded over this frequent exposure, as repeated contact with BPA is correlated with a variety of illnesses, including an increased risk of infertility, heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, and asthma, as well as reduced liver, thyroid, brain, and immune functions. Due to the ever-mounting evidence of BPA’s toxicity, many manufacturers have invested in alternatives that they claim are signifi cantly safer, such as bisphenol-S (BPS).


This new compound is used most typically in the same polycarbonate plastics as its toxic cousin. The problem, however, is that it’s a little more closely related than was initially believed; since the industrial use of BPS has spiked, scientists have found that the chemical is almost exactly as harmful


as BPA. One study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention examining more than 1,200 participants found a positive correlation between the levels of BPS in a person’s urine and their risk of cardiovascular disease, especially in older adults aged 50 and above.


In particular, researchers found a connection with coronary heart disease risk. “Although BPA, BPS and BPF share similar chemical properties, BPS and BPF are not safe alternatives for BPA,” concluded the authors of the study. The fi ndings of the study are consistent with previous scientifi c evidence regarding the effects of BPS on the human body – unsurprisingly, perhaps, given that BPA and BPS are almost identical as chemical compounds.


Another study from the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada, demonstrated that bisphenol-S might negatively impact the functioning of the heart within just minutes. Apparently, it surprised even the researchers. “We expected to fi nd similar effects from BPS as we have with BPA, but not at the speed that it worked,” Glen Pyle, Professor of Biomedical Sciences at Guelph and a co-author of the study, told reporters. As a result of these fi ndings, the authors added that those with pre-existing heart conditions are, of course, especially vulnerable, as even


small levels of exposure to BPS can raise the probability of a heart attack or, at least, enhance its severity.


As previously mentioned, these sorts of connections are not new; the University of Guelph’s study only demonstrated that the negative effects of BPS are produced faster than


was previously understood. Yet, despite widespread concerns about the dangers of BPS, there has been very little regulatory action in North America – in fact, leading institutions like the Food and Drug Agency (FDA) in the United States have yet to revise their position that BPA is “safe at the current levels occurring in foods.” In Europe, on the other hand, the situation is quite different, as the European Union recently took an axe to its recommendation on daily exposure to BPA, rendering it effectively illegal for the compound to be used in any material that touches food or drink, as well as explicitly banning its use in products intended for infants younger than three.


PIN Annual Buyers’ Guide 2023


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70  |  Page 71  |  Page 72  |  Page 73  |  Page 74  |  Page 75  |  Page 76