14 Analytical Instrumentation


currently used in ICE lubrication have yielded improved dropping point, wear resistance, and viscosity. Providing improved lubrication to these systems, these improved greases may reduce mechanical component failures and increase the longevity of the ICE and its components. Additionally, this test method is used for quality control in the industry across batches of grease. Therefore, the measurement of the dropping point of lubricating greases and its corresponding ASTM test method is still relevant in today’s industry due to its use in quality control and its importance in determining the operating conditions of lubricants, especially for extreme temperature applications.


Works Cited


[1] Xia, Y., Wang, Y., Hu, C., & Feng, X. (2022, September 8). Conductivity and tribological properties of IL-pani/WS2 composite material in lithium complex grease - friction. SpringerLink. Retrieved October 19, 2022, from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/ s40544-022-0638-1


[2] Ramsey, P. (2019, January 12). Around and around - where the oil goes in your engine. Machinery Lubrication. Retrieved October 19, 2022, from https://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/532/ around-around-where-oil-goes-in-your-engine


[3] Ramsey, P. (2019, January 12). Around and around - where the oil goes in your engine. Machinery Lubrication. Retrieved October 19, 2022, from https://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/532/ around-around-where-oil-goes-in-your-engine


[4] Solomon, O. (2022, May 27). Coolant temperature reading: What’s normal and what’s not? Rx Mechanic. Retrieved October 19, 2022, from https://rxmechanic.com/coolant-temperature/


[5] Sadeghalvaad, M., Dabiri, E., & Afsharimoghadam, P. (2019, June 25). Lithium lubricating greases containing carbon base nano-additives: Preparation and comprehensive properties evaluation - SN Applied Sciences. SpringerLink. Retrieved October 19, 2022, from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42452- 019-0289-7#Sec16


[6] Engineers Edge, L. L. C. (n.d.). Dropping point of grease. Engineers Edge - Engineering, Design and Manufacturing Solutions.


Authors


Dr. Raj Shah is a Director at Koehler Instrument Company in New York, where he has worked for the last 27 years. He is an elected Fellow by his peers at IChemE, CMI, STLE, AIC, NLGI, INSTMC, Institute of Physics, The Energy Institute and The Royal Society of Chemistry. An ASTM Eagle award recipient, Dr. Shah recently coedited the bestseller, “Fuels and Lubricants handbook”, details of which are available at ASTM’s Long-Awaited Fuels and Lubricants Handbook 2nd Edition Now Available (https://bit.ly/3u2e6GY). He earned his doctorate in Chemical Engineering from The Pennsylvania State University and is a Fellow from The Chartered Management Institute, London. Dr. Shah is also a Chartered Scientist with the Science Council, a Chartered Petroleum Engineer with the Energy Institute and a Chartered Engineer with the Engineering council, UK. Dr. Shah was recently granted the honourifi c of “Eminent engineer” with Tau beta Pi, the largest engineering society in the USA. He is on the Advisory board of directors at Farmingdale university (Mechanical Technology ) , Auburn Univ


Retrieved October 19, 2022, from https://www.engineersedge.com/ lubrication/dropping_point_grease.htm


Figure -4 The attendees during the NLGI hands on training course held at Koehler Instrument’s Training lab, Nov 2022 products/high-temperature-dropping-point-apparatus/


[7] Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2022, August 24). viscosity. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved October 19,2022, from https://www.britannica.com/science/viscosity


[8] Affatato, S. (2014, May 16). Tribological interactions of modern biomaterials used in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Perspectives in Total Hip Arthroplasty. Retrieved October 19, 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ B9781782420316500076


[9] ASTM Standard D2265-15, 2015, “Standard Test Method for Dropping Point of Lubricating Grease Over Wide Temperature Range”, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015, DOI: 10.1520/D2265-15, www.astm.org


[10] Products. Koehler Instrument Company, Inc. (2019, August 14). Retrieved November 13, 2022, from https://koehlerinstrument.com/


[11] Kumar, K. B. V. S. S., Reddy, C. J., & Ramesh, K. V. (2020). (PDF) study on Drop Point of grease samples for various lubricating ... researchgate.net. Retrieved October 19, 2022, from https://www. researchgate.net/publication/344189399_Study_on_Drop_Point_of_ Grease_Samples_for_various_Lubricating_applications


[12] Ramli, N. M., Mahmud, M. S., Zuhan, M. K. N. M., Musa, M., & Razali, M. N. (2022, March 24). Synergistic effect of molybdenum disulphide and butylated hydroxytoluene in lithium complex grease. Materials Today: Proceedings. Retrieved October 19, 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S221478532201611X#t0010


[13] Anderson, M. (2020, December 28). Understanding connector contact resistance. ATL Technology. Retrieved October 20, 2022, from https://atltechnology.com/blog/understanding-connector- contact-resistance/#1


William Streiber


Mrinaleni Das


( Tribology ), SUNY, Farmingdale, (Engineering Management) and State university of NY, Stony Brook ( Chemical engineering/ Material Science and engineering). An Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, in the Department of Material Science and Chemical engineering, Raj also has over 550 publications and has been active in the energy industry for over 3 decades. More information on Raj can be found at https://bit.ly/3QvfaLX


William Streiber and Mrinaleni Das are part of a thriving internship program at Koehler Instrument company and students of chemical engineering at State University of New York, Stony Brook, where Dr. Shah currently heads the External advisory board of directors.


Author Contact Details Dr. Raj Shah, Koehler Instrument Company • Holtsvile, NY11742 USA • Email: rshah@koehlerinstrument.com • Web: www.koehlerinstrument.com


TALKING POINT How is the US incentivising biofuels for EVs?


Recently, the Biden administration announced that it would be rewriting the United States’ biofuel mandate to encourage use of renewable natural gas in electric vehicles. The Environmental Protection Agency has offi cially invited public feedback on a set of revisions to the Renewable Fuel Standard, which was passed as early as 2005 as an encouragement for the production of more ethanol, biodiesel and other biofuels. The American public will get a chance to give their input on the best way to promote advanced low-carbon biofuels, which the EPA hope “will set the stage for further growth and development of low-carbon biofuels in the coming years.”


The most controversial and important measure contained in the Agency’s proposal is to increase the statutory requirement for the volume of biofuel that must be mixed into gasoline and diesel. Over the next three years, it is proposed, the requirement will increase to 22.68 billion gallons, up from 2022’s 20.87 billion gallons. In particular, conventional ethanol


PIN Annual Buyers’ Guide 2023


might be used to complete as much as 15.25 billion gallons, which will exceed the so-called “blend wall”, the 10% ceiling that can be blended into E10 gasoline. The Agency invites feedback on this point.


It seems the proposals have managed to frustrate both sides of the equation. These volumes for crop-based fuels came in below market expectations and sudden drops in share- prices are indicative of this disappointment. The producers of biodiesel have criticised the proposed quotas for offering only the smallest of boosts, and as Kurt Kovarik, Vice President of Federal Affairs at the Clean Fuels Trade Group, has noted, the EPA’s plan “signifi cantly undercounts existing biomass-based diesel production and fails to provide growth for investments the industry has already made in additional capacity, including for sustainable aviation fuel.” On the other side, these proposals came as a shock to advocates for oil refi ning as the measures may dangerously increase the industry’s compliance


costs. Indeed, Democratic Senator from Delaware, Chris Coons has gone on record describing the quotas as “unachievable.”


When it comes to fi nalising the biofuel quotas, the EPA is currently working to a deadline of June 14, 2023. Once again, offi cials have stated that public feedback could determine the shape of the requirement. As it stands, a tradeable credit will be awarded when electricity generated by biomass is used in electric vehicles (EVs). Within the proposed parameters, it would be the manufacturers of EVs generating the credit but, of course, its value could be easily shared with the generators of biogas-powered electricity themselves, though a certain amount of politicking is expected as charging station operators, biogas producers and utilities each compete for a portion of the spoils. Nevertheless, such a system would introduce yet another incentive for American automakers to increase their production of EVs.


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70  |  Page 71  |  Page 72  |  Page 73  |  Page 74  |  Page 75  |  Page 76