Analytical Instrumentation


Flashpoint Method Accepted for ASTM Diesel Fuel Specifi cations


In December 2013, ASTM cleared the way for the new age in fl ashpoint testing. ASTM members voted to accept D7094 as a new method for testing diesel, fuel oils and kerosene according to the ASTM specifi cations D975, D396, D2880 and D3699. The positive impact of the new method on costs, safety and on resolving environmental issues will be impressive.


A quick look at the new method reveals some obvious benefi ts. D7094 requires only 2 mL of sample. This is a big advantage for laboratory safety and minimises the amount of hazardous waste. Thermoelectric heating and cooling of a small sample and easy cleaning contribute to an increase in testing throughput and a reduction of laboratory time. The small sample size also reduces costs, especially when expensive samples are tested.


With the D7094 method, tests are performed through electric discharge in a completely closed cup. No open fl ame is generated, because the fl ash point is detected by the pressure increase inside a closed system. The risk of fi re and obstructive fumes are eliminated. D7094 testers are small and portable, making them suitable for use in laboratory or directly in the fi eld.


The ASTM decision to include D7094 into diesel fuel specifi cations was based on the results of the cooperative test program RR:D02-1581. In this inter-laboratory study, the fl ashpoint of contaminated jet fuels, diesels and lubricating oils was tested with the Grabner Instruments (Austria) D7094 MINIFLASH testers and D93 Pensky Martens testers.


Contaminated samples were chosen to refl ect real world conditions in refi neries, terminals and pipelines, because even small amounts of contaminants can have a big impact on the fl ashpoint of a sample. Results showed equivalency of the methods and even better precision of the new D7094 method.


Oliver Sauer, Head of Marketing & Sales at Grabner Instruments, describes the atmosphere at the December ASTM meeting, immediately before the ASTM committee voted in favor of the new method: “We were impressed by the way ASTM members and our customers were literally pushing our D7094 standard into the specifi cations. It seemed that this decision was overdue. Many customers already are committed to using a more precise, faster, safer and more economic method in fl ashpoint testing.”


According to Mr. Sauer, the ASTM decision also may act as tailwind for a move to include D7094 in EN and ISO diesel specifi cations. “With our fl ash point method available on the market for several years, our user community is convinced that it is a good and precise method. As the trend to toward global harmonization of chemical regulation continues, along with the results from the ASTM and the industry, we expect the ISO committee will consider adding this method to its own set of specifi cations. We are ready to provide whatever additional proof of performance is required.”


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Cou-Lo Formula A & C reagents from GR Scientifi c have been very well received over several years and helped to develop the concept of having both anode and cathode reagents available in the same shipping carton. Over recent years we have been made aware of the industry requirement for different types of coulometric reagents, especially the anode reagent, for specifi c applications. We are therefore now pleased to launch our new Aquamax KF Reagents which are described as follows:-


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Aquamax KF Reagent Frit is a general coulometric KF anolyte for use with generator electrodes which incorporate a frit or diaphragm to separate the anode and cathode chambers. Used in conjunction with reagent Cathode this formulation is supplied in a pack of 8 x 100ml bottles, a 50ml bottle of cathode reagent and a plastic funnel for ease of pouring, all conveniently located in a single carton.


For those applications that require a fritless generator electrode, the Aquamax KF Reagent Combi has been developed. This lower cost easy to use anolyte does not require a cathode reagent and is supplied in pack of 8 x 100ml bottles complete with plastic funnel.


To conform to ASTM, API, EI, ISO and other methodologies for water content determination of oil and petroleum products, the anode regent must be modifi ed with xylene to improve sample solubility and miscibility. Aquamax KF Reagent Oil is pre-cut with xylene, and other solubilizers to eliminate side reactions, so that the operator does not have to store or mix chemicals. Supplied in packs of 8 x 100ml bottles, a 50ml bottle of cathode reagent in a single carton.


We conducted extensive comparison trials of Aquamax KF Reagents against other leading brands with very positive results. Using water standards ranging from 10 µg water up to 10,000 µg water under controlled conditions we found Aquamax KF Frit and Aquamax KF Combi to be equivalent in perfomance accuracy to the other brands but much faster in titration speed and with low background drift value. Aquamax KF Oil, specially formulated for oil and petroleum industry samples, performed much faster than other special oil reagents and at the 10,000 µg count level (as required by ASTM methods), gave a result of 10,004 µg which is within 0.04%.


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