Software-Based Improvement of Image Information
singular or dual antiplatelet therapy. In dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) two different antiplatelet drugs are combined with each other (ASS plus P2Y12
Acknowledgements Te author thanks Dr. Max-Joseph Kraus, University of
receptor antagonist). Unfortunately, some
patients treated with antiplatelet drugs are non-responders so that the respective drugs are not effective and patients are not pro- tected against cardiovascular and cerebral complications. In cur- rent clinical routine, the effect of such antiplatelet therapies can be measured with indirect methods (VASP test or “verify now” [18], for instance) so that non-responders can be detected. But the sensitivity and specificity of these tests are limited so that they are not yet generally accepted. Te kinetics of platelet activation measured in healthy persons based on cover slip preparations and automatic image analysis is shown in Figure 8 (derived from [4]). When platelets are activated and pseudopodia are formed out, the platelet´s area increases and its circularity decreases. Tis model promises a new way for detecting responders and non- responders in antiplatelet therapies based on direct morphologi- cal findings (instead of indirect methods). Figure 8 shows some hypothetical curves pointing to effective antiplatelet therapy. Of course, the correctness of each sort of image analysis
is influenced by the clarity and correctness of the images ana- lyzed. Tus, the precision of such analysis systems might be improved further when appropriate algorithms of image pro- cessing, along the lines of the descriptions here, can be imple- mented in the future.
Conclusions Pseudopodia of thrombocytes are near the resolution lim-
its of light microscopy and contain significant detail, making them an ideal sample type for testing soſtware-based image enhancement protocols. Te soſtware-based strategies pre- sented here are capable of fundamental improvement of visual information and precision in revealing fine details sized at the resolution limit of the microscope system and/or digital sensor used. Clarity and distinctness of fine contours in thrombocytes were enhanced, as well as the focal depth and fidelity of small structures and zones affected by poor image exposure. Acti- vated thrombocytes are easily cultured and imaged, making them well suited for demonstration of these soſtware enhance- ment effects in living samples. Te soſtware-based methods described could be implemented in image analyzing systems.
Koblenz, Germany, for several still images obtained from video clips which were used for multi-step image rendering. He also thanks Mr. Ronald Schulte, Netherlands, for images used as material for the arrangement shown in Figure 1.
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[10] J Piper, Microscopy and Analysis 117 (2009) 5–9. [11] J Piper in Springer Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biol- ogy 611, Histology Protocols, eds. TD Hewitson and IA Darby, Humana Press, New York, 2009, chap. 16, 193–210.
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[13] MV Dharampal, J Electr Electron Syst 4 (2015) 150–54. [14] JN Ton et al. in Antiplatelet Agents, Handbook of Experi- mental Pharmacology, 210, eds. P Gresele et al., Springer, New York, 2010.
[15] BA Warren et al., Br J Exp Pathol 53 (1972) 206–15. [16] P Zilla et al., Texas Heart Institute Journal 14 (1987) 13– 21. available from
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