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muscle cells and blood vessel-forming cells, the extracellular matrix was processed into a personalized hydrogel. Te cells and hydrogel were mixed to generate patient-spe- cific, immunocompatible cardiac patches. Two cellular “bioinks” were generated: the cardiac cell bioink, which was used for printing the parenchymal tissue, and a bio- ink consisting of blood vessel-forming cells. In this strat- egy, when using the patient’s own materials and cells, the two bioinks may be used to print thick, vascularized, and perfusable patches of cardiac tissue that fully match the immunological, biochemical, and anatomic properties of the patient. Furthermore, the authors demonstrated that the personalized hydrogel can be used to print volumet- ric, freestanding, cellular structures, including entire hearts with their major blood vessels! Scanning electron microscopy was used to visu-
alize the ultrastructure of the personalized hydrogel. Fluorescence microscopy was used in a series of immu- nocytochemical studies to confirm the identities of the differentiated cells. For example, staining for sarcomeric actinin confirmed that the pluripotent cells had differ- entiated into cardiac myocytes. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize the printed blood vessels within the
cardiac patches. Another example demonstrates endothelial cells and fibroblasts (Figure 1a).
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Tese and other results demonstrated the ability to
use the patient’s own cells and extracellular material for 3D printing of fully personalized contracting cardiac patches that closely fit the patient’s biochemical and cel- lular properties, as well as the anatomy of the patient. Tis approach can yield structures several millimeters thick, which is sufficient for engineering clinically relevant car- diac patches. Finally, Noor et al. conducted some proof of concept
studies. Tey fabricated small-scale cellularized human hearts with major blood vessels, based on a digital design. A heart several centimeters in height was constructed. Immunostaining demonstrated the presence of cardiac myocytes and endothelial cells (Figure 1b). Although a great deal of research and development needs to be devoted, this is an elegant first step toward the genera- tion of a functional, mechanically stable organ that may be amenable to clinical applications.
References [1] N Noor et al., Adv Sci, April 15, 2019, https://onlineli-
brary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/advs.201900344.
[2] Te author gratefully acknowledges Drs. Nadav Noor and Tal Dvir for reviewing this article.
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