Carmichael's Concise Review
brain of a fruit fly (Drosophila) in a matter of days, which would take years using EM. Te imaging produces 3D image tiles, which are then assembled by computer. Using this method the team was able to map more that 40 million syn- apses in the brain of the fruit fly at nanometer resolution (see Figure 1). Te technique yielded similar results when applied to a slice of the brain from mice. This approach can be performed at speeds that will
likely enable comparative studies of neural development, circuit stereotyping, and structural correlations to neu- ral activity or behavior. Combining ExM and LLSM fills a valuable niche between the high throughput of conven- tional optical imaging of neural anatomy and the ultrahigh resolution of corresponding EM imaging. Assuming the development of fully validated, brain-wide isotropic expan- sion at ten times or more and sufficiently dense labeling, this combination may enable comparisons throughout the brain of even densely innervated neural circuits across mul- tiple specimens with protein-specific contrast at a resolu- tion of 25 nanometers or better. The future is very bright for this field!
References [1] R Gao et al., Science 363(6424) (2019) eaau8302. [2] Te author gratefully acknowledges Drs. Eric Betzig and Ruixuan Gao for reviewing this article.
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