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RESEARCH


mixed with uninfected Phase 3 compost during tunnel emptying, transportation and shelf filling, the effects are catastrophic, with large volumes of good quality ‘selective’ compost suffering 80-100% crop loss. Furthermore, machinery, conveyors and vehicles in contact with the Trichoderma-infected compost were shown to spread the disease to compost from a newly opened tunnel, causing compost green mould to occur in the new crop, although the effects were not as severe. Meticulous attention to cleaning and disinfecting equipment and facilities successfully eradicated the infection sources, so it is recommended to continuously monitor for the presence of Trichoderma during tunnel emptying. This can be achieved with simple air-drop plates and swabs or by having Phase 3 compost analysed for presence of Trichoderma aggressivum on a regular basis. Farms that do not use steam cook-out to kill off crops have a high risk of recirculating the disease on the farm. Thus it is the responsibility of ALL - composters, transportation contractors and growers - to prevent major outbreaks occurring.


Brown Cap Disease in Phase 3 New knowledge has also been generated about how Brown Cap Mushroom Disease develops and spreads. Experiments have shown that when bulk Phase 3 compost is infected with the Brown Cap Mushroom Viruses (BCMV), it does not always lead to symptoms developing in the crop, and consequently the infection is likely to go unnoticed. Severe symptoms tend to occur when infected compost from a crop with symptoms, re-infects Phase 3 compost at filling. Thus the problem tends to be more severe on particular farms where post-crop hygiene is compromised. A good steam-cook out is essential to ensure all virus-infected


This research is funded from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme managed by REA-Research Executive Agency http://ec.europa.eu/research/rea. FP7- SME-2011 - Grant Agreement No. 286836 – MushTV. This article refl ects the authors’ views and the European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the informa- tion contained herein”


compost is killed off before the spent compost is emptied. Just as with Trichoderma aggres- sivum, virus-infected compost fragments can contaminate equipment, transportation vehicles and filling equipment, therefore meticulous attention to cleaning and disinfec- tion is needed to eradicate the problem. We still do not understand why some virus-infected mushrooms remain white and others go brown, but virus levels in the brown mushrooms are very much higher.


The fact that many virus-infected mushrooms appear normal, means that the extent of the problem is probably underestimated. Regular monitoring of compost and mushrooms for presence of virus is key to ensuring the disease does not get out of control.


Disinfection


MushTV reviewed the efficacy of 12 disin- fectants, representing all the major groups of products available across Europe. Apart from Formalin (currently available in the Netherlands but under review), no disinfectant was able to kill Trichoderma aggressivum in compost fragments, while few totally killed Agaricus (which transmits virus) in compost. This makes control of Trichoderma and Virus more difficult. It is therefore essential that all equipment and surfaces are thoroughly cleaned of compost fragments in order to protect Phase 3 compost from contamination.


Collaboration into the Future Probably, the most outstanding achievement of MushTV has been the collaboration and networking that has flourished among a group of passionate mushroom composters, growers and scientists, all working together to resolve common problems. MushTV partners look forward to working together in the future on other challenges of mutual concern. There is still new knowledge required and innovations to be discovered that can benefit the mushroom industry.


MushTV network members during a recent visit to Poland. So stay tuned to the MushTV channel! 22 MUSHROOM BUSINESS 


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