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Journal of Paleontology, 89(5), 2015, p. 730–747 Copyright © 2016, The Paleontological Society 0022-3360/16/0088-0906 doi: 10.1017/jpa.2015.50


New Caledonian Triassic Bryozoa


Andrej Ernst,1 Priska Schäfer,2 and Jack A. Grant-Mackie3 1Institut für Geologie, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany ⟨andrej.ernst@uni-hamburg.de⟩ 2Institut für Geowissenschaften der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 10, D-24118 Kiel, Germany ⟨ps@gpi.uni-kiel.de⟩ 3School of Environment, University of Auckland, PB 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand ⟨grant-mackie@xtra.co.nz


Abstract.—Four trepostome bryozoan species are described from the Upper Triassic of New Caledonia. They include one new genus Metastenodiscus n. gen. The studied fauna shows strong paleobiogeographic relations to New Zealand and less so to Japan. Morphological similarities between Middle Paleozoic and Triassic trepostome bryozoans (e.g., abundant diaphragms) are explained by homeomorphy.


Introduction


The basement rocks of New Caledonia are made up of four distinct tectonostratigraphic terranes that developed along the eastern margin of Gondwana during Carboniferous to Jurassic time (Aitchison et al., 1998, Davies et al., 2004). The Téremba Terrane occurs on the west coast in the Baie de St-Vincent – Moindou region and consists of Permian arc-related volcanics and volcaniclastics in its basal portion, overlain by a thick, somewhat deformed and diagenetically altered marine sequence of fossili- ferous volcaniclasticswith frequent but minor tuffs. This sequence has often been likened to the Murihiku Terrane of New Zealand (Paris, 1981; Campbell andGrant-Mackie, 2000) because of near- identity of Permian – Jurassic faunas of the two and comparable lithologies, structural complexities, and geotectonic setting. The Téremba rocks are, however, more extensively faulted, and, in addition, they are generally of shallower water origin and include more unconformities and, possibly, other depositional hiatuses (e.g., Paris, 1981; Campbell et al., 1985). Strata of the Téremba Terrane are well exposed in the


Moindou area and on the islands in the Baie de St-Vincent (Fig. 1) (see Pharo, 1967; Paris, 1981; Faure and Paris, 1982; Campbell et al., 1985) and have yielded a rich and diverse macrofauna of molluscs, brachiopods, crinoids, conulariids, and corals, and rare vertebrates. Bryozoa prove to be abundantly present at a few Triassic horizons, rarer at some others, and absent from most. This report documents this bryozoan fauna for the first time, all members of which come from units inclu- ded in the Baie de St-Vincent Group (Campbell et al., 1985). Paleobiogeographically, NewCaledonian Triassic faunas, i.e.


those of the Téremba Terrane, form a small Triassic-Early Jurassic Maorian Province with Murihiku faunas, with a benthic fauna having very little in commonwith the Tethyan Realm nearby to the northwest and including a significant level of generic endemism. To reinforce the pointmade above, benthic faunas of theMurihiku and Téremba Terranes are nearly identical, the Téremba Terrane lacking a few of the elements of theMurihiku fauna, perhaps only because of the smaller size of the available sampling area.


Bryozoan faunas of the New Zealand Triassic proved


similarly to have little in common with those of the Tethys and showed a closer relationship with the Permian fauna of eastern Australia (Schäfer and Grant-Mackie, 1994) (that of the New Zealand Permian has still not yet been fully documented, so direct comparisons cannot be made). From this evidence, it may be supposed that the New Caledonian Triassic Bryozoa should hold much in common with that of the Murihiku Terrane.


Age and correlation


Early in their study, the lower Mesozoic faunas of New Zealand were seen to be so different from those of Europe and with a paucity of ammonoids to make correlation difficult, despite it being aided by the presence of a few members of cosmopolitan groups with short time-ranges, such as the bivalves Monotis and Halobia in the Triassic. Internal correlation, however, was much more readily achieved, and eventually a local scheme of series and stages was introduced (Marwick, 1953). This was extended to New Caledonia as correspondence between the two was realized (Avias, 1953; Paris, 1981). This local correlation scheme (Fig. 2) has been refined as


further paleontological data have become available and is well established in local usage (Cooper, 2004). Each local stage is defined by the incoming of an index


species, its top being coincident with the base of the next younger defined stage. The strata involved in this study are essentially Norian and Rhaetian, at the top of the Triassic, and are included within the local Oretian, Otamitan, Warepan, and Otapirian stages, in upward sequence. Each has recently been redefined in modern terms, with the base located in a type section (Cooper, 2004). The Oretian stage is defined by the incoming of the genus


Halobia and includes the following species amongst those confined to strata included in the stage from the one bryozoan- bearing locality (see Appendix 1 for a list of New Caledonian localities containing bryozoa and species associated with them


730


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