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876


Journal of Paleontology 89(5):870–881


Figure 5. Comparative morphology of the tarsometatarsus in Pelagornithidae. Selected specimens are listed from left to right: Dasornis toliapica OCP.DEK/ GE 1146 and Dasornis emuinus OCP.DEK/GE 1106 (after Bourdon et al., 2010, reversed for comparison), D. emuinus NHMUK 894 (after Harrison and Walker, 1977), Lutetodontopteryx tethyensis SMF Av 553a+ b (holotype, after Mayr and Zvonok, 2012), Pelagornithidae indet. morphotype 2 UCR 22176 (MLP cast), cf. Pelagornis (‘Palaeochenoides’) mioceanus MCZ 2514 (after Hopson, 1964, reversed for comparison), Pelagornis sp. LACM 128424 (after Mayr et al., 2013), Pelagornis chilensis MNHN SGO.PV 1061 (holotype, after Mayr and Rubilar-Rogers, 2010). (1–3) Dorsal, plantar, and distal views, respectively. Abbreviations: DP = distal projection of the trochleae metatarsorum II and IV; mp = processus medioplantaris; PP = plantar projection of the trochleae metatarsorum II and IV; tII, tIII, and tIV = trochleae metatarsorum II, III, and IV. Unscaled images for comparison.


sector immediately developed cranially to the aperturae nasi ossea. A dorsolateral constriction on the caudal section of the preserved culmen (Fig. 4.4) corresponds to that one developed cranially to the aperturae nasi ossea reported for other pelagornithids (Mayr and Rubilar-Rogers, 2010; see also Ksepka, 2014, fig.1.a). A dorsally located ridge (Tonni, 1980, fig. 4.4, 4.5) is very well defined as in Dasornis, whereas it is weaker or absent in Pelagornis. The maxilla from Antarctica is less compressed than in Dasornis, but narrower than in Pelagornis.On the contrary,the longitudinal sulcus is more dorsally located than in Dasornis and similar to the condition of Pelagornis (Harrison andWalker, 1976; Bourdon et al., 2010). As is typical of Pelagornithidae, the ventral surface of MLP 78-X-26-1 shows two longitudinal sulci for the location of the cristae tomiales and deep fossae for the tooth-like projections of the mandible (Lambrecht, 1930; Harrison and Walker, 1976; Tonni, 1980; Stidham, 2004; Mayr and Rubilar-Rogers, 2010). Between both, there is a palatal


ridge (central palatal region sensu Harrison and Walker, 1976, fig. 4.7) extended ventrally almost half of the rostrum in cross section. This condition is similar to that of Dasornis, which shows a well-defined medioventral sulcus (interpalatal groove sensu Harrison and Walker, 1976). In contrast, Pelagornis has a palatal ridge that is strongly convex and prominent (Harrison and Walker, 1976; Bourdon et al., 2010), and the sulcus is missing (Harrison and Walker, 1976; see Mayr and Rubilar-Rogers, 2010, fig. 1D). On both cristae tomiales, MLP


78-X-26-1 shows three poorly preserved tooth-like processes. The largest one is on the middle, separated from the other two by an equidistance of 9.7mm (Tonni, 1980), corresponding to pseudo-teeth of rank 2 and 3, respectively. Between them, small protuberances probably represent the basis of very thin “needles” of rank 4. The largest tooth-like processes of rank 1 are not preserved.Astriking feature is the dorsoventral height of the beak measured at the level of the apertura nasi ossea, which is highest than in any other pelagornithid species known (Table 1). A polishing of the cross section (Fig. 4.8) permits the first detailed observation of its inner structure, which evidences an extreme bone pneumaticity. The tarsometatarsus UCR 22176 (Fig. 4.9–4.11, 5) has the


largest distal transverse width known for pseudo-toothed birds (Table 1, Cenizo, 2012). The general morphology is similar to Dasornis, although it shares some features with Pelagornis (Cenizo, 2012). The corpus of UCR 22176 is mediolaterally narrower than Pelagornis, and wider than Dasornis (Bourdon et al., 2010, fig.5) whereas is similar to the preserved proximal shaft of L. tethyensis (Mayr and Zvonok, 2012). The shaft of UCR 22176 is nearly square in cross-section, like in Dasornis; in Pelagornis the section is rectangular and dorsoplantarly depressed. Like in Dasornis, the trochlea metatarsi II of UCR 22176 is less distally displaced (Fig. 5) than in Pelagornis chilensis Mayr and Rubilar-Rogers, 2010; whereas L. tethyensis and ?late Oligocene/early Miocene Pelagornis specimens


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