smart. Her doctoral thesis in 1915 addressed the question of whether mental symp- toms were the result of underlying factors or traumatic causes.


In the 1920s and 1930s, Horney addressed the subjects of female psychology and sexuality in a series of papers. She rejected Freud’s male-centric psychology and affirmed the special functions of womanhood – childbearing, nursing and mother- hood – as positive and fulfilling. She suggested that men envied these functions – a condition that later writers would refer to as “womb-envy.”


Horney accepted a position at the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis in 1932 where she remained for two years before moving to New York. There she did work and published on the topics of neuroses and new ways of psychoanalysis. Her work is important as it emphasizes sociocultural factors in producing neurosis, and for de- veloping new theories for psychoanalytic theory and therapy. Most of Horney’s ideas have quietly entered the mainstream of psychology.


Like Karen Horney, Virginia Satir believed that sociocultural factors were important in treating mental health issues. Satir was one of the key figures in the development of family therapy (she is often re- ferred to as the “pioneer of family therapy”). Satir began treating families in 1951 and established a training program for psychiatric residents at the Illinois State Psy- chiatric Institute in 1955. Satir gave lectures and led workshops in experiential family therapy across the country. She advanced the terms for describing family roles, such as “the rescuer” and “the placator.”


Satir’s books Peoplemaking and Conjoint Family Therapy are two of the central texts of humanistic psychology. She developed the Satir Growth Model which is a comprehensive set of beliefs,


methods, tools, and experiential exercises that support positive change in individu- als, family systems, organizations and communities. Although her thinking went against the scientific approach to family therapy at the time, today it is widely ac- cepted.


34 Kalon Women Magazine May 2012


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