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the responders’ organizations, 50%, were publicly owned for-profit companies, 19% were from privately owned for- profit companies and 19% were from nonprofit organizations. The largest proportions of organizations were from the manufacturing (18%) and health care (14%) industries. Seventy-eight percent of the respond-


ing human resource professionals were from US based companies of which 68% had multiple locations and 23% had international operations. It was interest- ing to note that 75% of the respondents provided information not simply for their division but companywide (see Figure 2). The majority of responding human


resource professionals to the survey were either decision makers (41%) or those that make recommendations (29%) concerning the drug and alcohol testing programs in their company. We decided to include those individuals that were not directly involved in the policy formation as they may have perceived effects prior to and after the implementation of a drug and alcohol policy. We looked at the data


both ways and did not find a significant difference. Our group determined that including all respondents in the survey was the most appropriate measure of the human resource impact of drug testing in a company. Although some individuals may not have had an impact on policy they might have seen its effects directly in the workplace. The majority of organizations (77%)


continue to use off-site drug testing facilities for both collections and testing, while a smaller number of companies (16%) continue to use a combination of both in-house and off-site testing. Despite the reported increase in the use of in-house drug testing (either urine, oral fluid or both, using instant testing products), this number represents the smallest group at 7% (see Figure 3). However this data does provide an excel- lent baseline for future surveys and will allow us to track trends and changes in how companies approach drug testing as new products and legislation evolve. The majority of human resource professionals who responded to the


Figure 6 Pre-employment Testing by Organizational Sector


The majority of


organizations (77%) continue to use off- site drug testing facilities for both collections and testing, while a smaller number of companies (16%) continue to use a


combination of both in-house and off- site testing.


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