tasks that should be carried out within an IPM programme. The first four stages need a scout to carry out the process. The scout must be given enough time to cover all the turf areas. They also need to be competent, dependable and committed. The longer they carry out this role the more experienced they shall become with pest’s life cycles and the thresholds the surface can withstand. The scouts must understand when the damage is likely to occur, the most susceptible stage of the life cycle for control, and how much pest activity can be tolerated before action must be taken. Other employees at the club can
take on the responsibilities of the scout’s role when they are carrying out the day to day operations, such as mowing or switching, and then report back to the scout. Therefore, it is essential that the Grounds Manager or Head Greenkeeper keeps all their staff up to date with training to gain the knowledge needed to carry out scouting programme. Once a scout has been selected they have to decide on the methods to be used to identify the different pests.
(Grant and Ferrentino, 2006). Weeds are easiest to be
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monitored, as this can be done visually. All results need to be recorded at the time of observation. Field data sheets can be used.
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It is recommended that scouts should record weather conditions such as soil and air temperatures, soil moisture, relative humidity, and leaf wetness. Measuring these weather parameters, and correlating them to disease development, could produce indicators to disease and insect activity (Menzies et al, 1994). After the monitoring has been concluded, the scout will produce a report recording the site location and the sampling results, including ranking infestation. The report can then be correlated to the thresholds set at the start of the IPM system to determine what action is going to be chosen. This could be as simple as rising the height of cut for a couple of weeks to allow the plant to gain full health. Regular scouting is essential, as
it can provide information on changes in pest population and turf grass health. Ideally, all the turf should be monitored at least once a week, however, time does not often allow this, so highly susceptible and high priority areas can be used as indicators. New European Union legislation encourages IPM systems. The ongoing decrease in pesticides available on the market, as well as training and sprayer inspections, means that IPM systems may have to be the way forward in the sports turf industry (Darlington, 2009).
Traps, like the cup trap above, can be used to trap insects to check on population. However, often the best way is to dig down and visually inspect the number of insects. It is important to have an understanding of the life cycle of the insect as this, along with the time of year, can affect the amount present. For diseases, the turf should be studied for irregularities and differences in colour. These should then be examined for signs and symptoms of diseases. Lesions on the leaves and the presence of mycelia and other fungal growth should also be searched for. Diseases on leaves may have to be collected and sent for laboratory examination if it is unidentifiable
SPORTS TURF CONTRACTORS
problem when necessary. References:
encourages best management practices rather than turning to pesticides all the time. However the key to IPM is the ongoing scouting of the turf, the setting of the thresholds and acting on the
Darlington, Everett (2009) Spending Cuts. Pitchcare, Oct/Nov, Issue No.27 pp88-89
Grant, Jennifer PhD, Ferrentino, Gerard and Neal, Joseph PhD (2006) Pest Monitoring Available at;
http://www.auduboninternational.org/PDFs/C URS-%20Pest%20Monitoring%20- %20A%20Key%20to%20IPM%20for%20Turfgr ass.pdf (Accessed 3rd March 2010)
Laub, Curt (2009) Available at;
http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-416/444- 416.html (Accessed 17th March 2010)
Menzies, Geoff, MacConnell, Craig and Havens, Dyvon (1994) IPM Available at;
http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/eb17 86/
eb1786.html (Accessed 3rd March 2010)
Scouting Form (2009) Available at
http://www.ontarioipm.com/documents/Scou tingForm.pdf (Accessed 3rd March 2010)
Voigt, Tom and Fermanian, Tom (1998) Integrated Pest Management for Turf Managers. Available at;
http://www.turf.uiuc.edu/extension/ext- ipm.html (Accessed 3rd March 2010)
D W Clark DRAINAGE LTD • Supplies
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www.dwclarkdrainageltd.co.uk 123
Te: 01902 440 252 for more information
Advertising in the classified section of Pitchcare costs as little as £200 a year
IPM is a method that
Peter Britton on 01747 855335 email:
peter@pitchcare.com
SPORTS TURF CONTRACTORS
Sports Ground Contractors Ltd
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