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In the first of a series of articles written by sports turf students, William Gray, currently studying at Askham Bryan College in York, looks at Integrated Pest Management
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ntegrated Pest Management (IPM) is defined as “multiple tactics used in a compatible manner in order to maintain pest populations below levels that cause economic or unacceptable aesthetic injury without posing a hazard to humans, domestic animals, or other non-target life forms.” (Voigt and Fermanian, 1998).
I The definition of a pest is;
1. an annoying or troublesome person, animal, or thing; nuisance.
2. an insect or other small animal that harms or destroys garden plants, trees, etc.
3. a deadly epidemic disease, esp. a plague; pestilence
different control methods to keep pests from reaching harmful levels, whilst minimising effects on humans and the environment. It is a system that uses pesticides as a last resource and uses best management practices (BMP) first. This could be by either cultural or biological methods.
effective IPM methods by carrying out mowing, irrigation, fertilising, and aeration correctly. Biological is the introduction of
hybrids that are pest resistant, or the use of nematodes, fungi, or
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Cultural operations are the most
pesticides. It is vital that the scouts have a good knowledge of pests and their life cycles. The flow chart above shows the
IPM is a system which uses
parasitic insects to control pest organisms (Voigt and Fermanian, 1998).
Threshold is the benchmark at which a pest shall be treated. Thresholds should be determined at the start of the IPM system. Darlington (2009), suggests that costs can be saved depending on what thresholds are selected. He also states that it is essential to have well trained staff that recognise issues as they arise and report them back to the decision maker.
Field Scouts are key elements of an IPM system. They are the individuals who go out and monitor the surface. This prevents calendar applications of
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