has a health advantage over that of an animal without adequate nutri- tion. Recent research has indicated that the genes are the same, but adequate nutrition during differ- ent stages of the gestation period can affect how those genes express themselves.” Research fi nds that an increase
in vascular development of the ma- ternal attachment to the placenta begins at day 90, with a marked increase in blood fl ow and vascu- lar density by day 120. That is the start of the second trimester, and any detrimental effects of maternal nutrition during that time would impact the ability of the fetus to acquire proper amounts of nutrients and oxygen. This, in turn, can contribute to
liver enlargement, reduced muscle growth, thickening of heart walls, hypertension, and insulin resistance in calves as young as 8 months of age. When the fetus has insuffi cient nutrients, it will direct nutrients to essential organs, like the heart and brain, and away from muscle and fat. Animals are born with a set
number of muscle cells (hyperpla- sia), and can only increase their muscle mass after birth by increas- ing the size of each individual mus- cle cell (hypertrophy). Fat cells are also primarily laid
down during gestation, and only increase in size after birth. Calves that do not receive adequate nutri- tion in utero will have less muscle and less marbling than will calves whose dams received adequate nu- trition, according to Dr. Steve Pais- ley at the University of Wyoming. The third and fi nal trimester is
still when the cow needs the great- est boost to her nutrition. The fetus is growing to its greatest extent, achieving 90 percent of its birth
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www.crossdiamondcattle.com November 2015 The Cattleman 65
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