articLe | DERMONUTRITION | of the collagen‑glycosaminoglycan‑chitosan porous
sponge Mimedisk® from either young or old donors. Keratinocytes from a young donor were then seeded on the dermal equivalent. From 2 days after fibroblast seeding on dermal substrate until the end of the experiments, the complex nutrients were added into the culture medium. As can shown in Figure 3, reduced filaggrin expression was observed when aged fibroblasts were used and this reduction was alleviated when skin equivalent were fed with the nutrients, indicating that a significant dermal–epidermal signalling occurs during this process. These results were sufficiently interesting to warrant their investigation in in vivo studies.
GLA and GTP bioavailability study The effect of the dairy matrix on the bioavailability of the nutrients was evaluated during a clinical study. The bioavailability study conducted was a single centre double‑blind trial involving 12 healthy Caucasian women of mean age 31.5 years (range 18–45 years) with a normal body mass index (BMI) range of 18–25. After a standardised dinner and an overnight stay in
Figure 3 Effect of treatment with the active ingredients complex on filaggrin expression in skin equivalents
Figure 4 (a) Plasma concentrations over the 6-hour period consumption of 300mg GLA mixed in a dairy matrix (blue line) or consumed alone (red line) in 12 healthy women. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. (b) Plasma concentrations over the six-hour period consumption of 47mg catechins mixed in a dairy matrix (blue line) or consumed alone (red line) in 12 healthy women. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM
14 12 10 8
6 4 2 0
0h 1h 2h 3h 4h Time (hr) after consumption
140 120 100 80
60 40 20 0
0h 36 ❚ 1h 2h 3h Time (hr) after consumption May 2011 |
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the evaluation centre, the volunteers consumed a standardized meal and the products were ingested at the end of lunch to improve their absorption. The average energy intake of the lunch was 970 kcal comprising 24 g total fat. The volunteers consumed the following products: 300 mg GLA and 47 mg catechins mixed in a probiotic‑containing dairy fermented matrix (Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and Streptococcus thermophilus) compared with the individual ingredients given as the oil or aqueous solution. Blood samples (2 mL) were collected from the forearm of
each at baseline, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours after the ingestion of the product to measure GLA content in the chylomicron lipoprotein fraction, and catechins in the blood plasma. After a single intake of 300 mg GLA and 47 mg catechins mixed in a dairy matrix or as free ingredients, the bioavailabilities of GLA and catechins were measured in plasma. In order to follow the absorption of the GLA, GLA concentrations were determined in the fat‑rich chylomicrons fraction produced by the intestine. Catechins concentrations were measured in the plasma fraction. In this study, it was shown that GLA and catechins
crossed the intestinal barrier in humans. Indeed, based on their pharmacokinetic profiles in the plasma, it was established, compared to borage oil alone, that the probiotic‑containing dairy products increased the absorption of borage oil in the chylomicrons lipoprotein fraction in the blood. Not only was the time to maximal absorption decreased for the probiotic‑containing dairy product (4.55 hours vs 2 hours; p< 0.01), but the total amount absorbed was also almost doubled (AUC 15.2 μg mL−1
hr−1 vs 27.9μg mL−1 hr−1 ; p< 0.001). Therefore, borage oil
was absorbed to a greater extent and more quickly in the probiotic‑containing yogurt, compared with the oil alone. In contrast, only moderate changes in the blood levels of GTPs were observed. The results for the bioavailability study are shown in Table 1 and in Figure 4 (20). The pharmacokinetic parameters demonstrated that
GLA (µgmL-1 chylomicrons suspensions) Catechins in plasma (µmol L-1)
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