WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 2010
KLMNO
Survival, far below ground 6
miners from A1
remotely with a national soccer star andChilean President Sebas- tian Pinera. NASA officials said theymight recommend involving other famous Chileans and possi- bly astronauts. At a news conference Tuesday
in Chile, James Michael Duncan, deputy chief medical officer at NASA’s Johnson Space Center, said the miners “have already shown great courage and ability to survive.” The rescue ahead is daunting
— and its success is not guaran- teed: Officials say they need to drill a 28-inch shaft through half a mile of solid but soft rock. The process could take two to four months. After surviving for 18 days on
meager supplies, the miners are connected to the surface by a six-inch borehole, which can be used to deliver food, water and electricity. Officials have also dis- cussed sending down anti- depressant medication, if need- ed, and aluminum bed frames, towels, shampoo and hot-weath- er clothes that wick away sweat. Theminers don’t have the kind
of physical needs, for warmth and nourishment, that turned other stories of isolation into nightmares. The Donner Party turned to cannibalism in the California mountains in the win- ter of 1846 and 1847. In 1972, survivors of a plane crash in the Andes ate pieces of dead passen- gers. “The worst thing is to be
thrown into darkness [after a collapse], not knowing if any- body knows they’re there,” said JohnGrubb, an adjunct professor at the Colorado School of Mines. Now,Grubb said, “really it’s just a matter of coping with the time. It’s really boring and all, but I would think that the worst is behind them.”
Terrors of time, boredom But mental-health experts say
boredom and time — if not han- dled correctly—can be terrors. Their case studies are often
drawn from decades ago, before advances in technology and com-
Pakistani officials leave U.S. in protest
BY CRAIGWHITLOCK A delegation of senior Paki-
stani military officials visiting the United States for a major defense conference headed home in protest Tuesday night after they said they were interrogated and rudely treated by security officials at Dulles International Airport. The nine-member group of
high-ranking Pakistani officers boarded United Airlines Flight 727 from Washington to Tampa late Sunday but were pulled off the plane after one of them “made a comment to a flight attendant,” said Mike Trevino, a United spokesman. United did not provide details,
but Pakistani officials said the remark came from a general in the delegation who — weary of a long day of travel that began in Islamabad — said, “I hope this is my last flight,” or words to that effect. That sparked a call to Dulles
law enforcement officials, who detained the delegation for 2.5 hours and refused to allow the officials to contact their embassy or the U.S. military officials who had invited themto visit, accord- ing to a Pakistanimilitary official who spoke on condition of ano- nymity. The Pakistanis were finally re-
leased after police at Dulles de- termined they did not pose a threat. But instead of proceeding to Tampa, the delegation was ordered to return to Pakistan by their military superiors in Islam- abad, in protest of their treat- ment, the Pakistani official said, adding that they were “verbally abused.” The group of officers spent the next 48 hours inWash- ington,waiting for the next avail- able flight home, andwere sched- uled to depart the United States on Tuesday evening. The Pakistani officers were
originally en route toU.S. Central Command headquarters in Tam- pa to attend the annual confer- ence of theU.S.-PakistanMilitary Consultative Committee, said Maj. David Nevers, a Central Command spokesman. He said Centcom officials hoped to re- schedule the conference. Pakistani officials said they
received apologies from Penta- gon and Centcom officials.
whitlockc@washpost.com
onwashingtonpost.com Long wait for rescue
For photographs at the mine scene, go to
washingtonpost.com/world.
munication reduced real isola- tion to the realms of war, space, polar ice stations and under- groundmines.Many of the stark- est lessons are taken from the polar expeditions of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. “I so wish I could talk to those
miners and tell them about Er- nest Shackleton’s ill-fated Ant- arctic voyage. If they knew that 27men survived for 20months in the harshest conditions known to man, with no contact with the outside world and no immediate hope of a rescue, I think these miners would know that they could get through this,” said Ali- son Levine, who has led polar expeditions and expeditions to Mount Everest. She was citing one of themost famous stories of polar survival, beginning in 1914, when Shackleton led a crew of men across wild polar seas to safety after their boat was crushed in ice. One key lesson, survival ex-
perts said, is to keep up the rhythms of day and night. In the constant darkness of the mine, they said, the miners might have trouble falling asleep, leading to fatigue, irritability and bad deci- sions. In one early polar expedition, a
ship doctor made his patients sit by roaring fires.Now, experts say, the same goal might be achieved by keeping the crew to an un- changing schedule of sleep, breakfast and work. Anothermaxim, for those com-
municatingwith theminers from the surface, is that honesty is crucial. Experts said keeping dispiriting information from the miners could carry risks. “Expectations unmet are ahor-
rible thing, especially when you’re already psychologically stressed,” said Jerry Linenger, a U.S. astronaut who was aboard the Russian Mir space station when a fire broke out there in 1997.
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Where the miners are Te 33 Chilean miners are living in two rooms joined by mine tunnels almost half a mile below ground.
He and two Russian crew-
mates were trapped in the mal- functioning craft until a rescue ship arrived four months later. Linenger said one of his lowest points during that ordeal was a time that hewas told hewould be able to speak with his pregnant wife over a radio link. “I prepared for a week. I wrote
down what I would say and then crossed things off and added new ones. I was so excited. But the time came, they said she was on the line, and all I got was static,” he said. “After that, I expected nothing and was psychologically more healthy.”
Parceling out work For the miners’ leaders, histo-
rians said it will be key to parcel out work — to provide a sense of purpose — and leisure time. There seems to be plenty of work to do because the miners must clear debris caused by the tunnel- ing fromabove. Providing entertainment in
themine will be far easier than it was for ice-locked polar explor- ers, who organizedmusicals, soc- cer games and lectures to distract sailors from their idleness and the sound of ice crushing their ships’ hulls. In this case, the borehole that has brought the miners food will also be used to send MP3 players, speakers, a mini-TV projector, recordings of soccer games and films. Themin- ers can also speak to relatives remotely. Psychologists said the leaders
of the group must take care to ensure that the miners work and play together. They said it’s nor- mal, even helpful, for people in isolation to form groups with people of similar backgrounds or habits. It can even be helpful to have a scapegoat — someone whom the group blames, at least in jest, for itsmisfortunes. In these situations, though, a
withdrawn person is a danger. “You need a certain degree of that, to maintain your sanity,” said Lawrence Palinkas, a profes- sor at the University of Southern California who has studied polar expeditions. “Too much of that becomes counterproductive.”
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Container Mine entrance Surface
Main shaſt Te gold and copper mine was drilled in a deep spiral with an average grade of 10 percent.
Roof collapse Two parts of this section of the shaſt collapsed Aug. 5, trapping the miners.
Workshop rescue shaſt
Shelter rescue shaſt
From Page One
Driller digs 66 feet a day
New drilling Mine officials said they are drilling two rescue shaſts: one aimed at the workshop, another at the shelter.
A5
Drill bit
Delivery shaſts Rocket-shaped capsules deliver food, medicine and other supplies to the miners through six-inch boreholes.
Workshop Situated several levels above the shelter, this space is being used by the miners as a secondary living space.
164 ſt. 131 ſt. Work bench
Ventilation shaſt
2,230 ſt.
Room to wander Te men have about a half-mile stretch of shaſt outside the shelter where they can walk around.
SOURCE: Graphics and research by C. Argandoña, I. Muñoz, C. Araya, J.Cortés/LA TERCERA
Main shelter Te miners’ main shelter was carved into rock and covered by a protective metal mesh. It was stocked with seats and basic emergency equipment but only a three-day supply of food.
Fuel and oil barrels
Security door
32 ſt. Stored food
Water tank
Stretcher THE WASHINGTON POST
If all 33 are eventually rescued,
psychologists said, the effects of the ordeal are likely to follow them to the surface. Some could be good: Peter Suedfeld of the University of British Columbia said survivors of traumatic situa- tions often come out with a greater confidence in their abili- ties andmore selfless. But others could be disorient-
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ing. Like returning soldiers, the
miners could emerge to find that their wives or family members have taken on new responsibili- ties in their absence. And they could find the modern world over-stimulating after months in the dark and quiet. Suedfeld said this is a common reaction among modern-day researchers return-
Topic: Foreign
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ing fromwinters at the pole. “When I come back from a
Chilemine.AAA PROOF1
polar-research visit, I don’t drive for at least a week because, you know, [there’s] too much going on,” Suedfeld said.
fahrenthold@washpost.com kaufmanm@washpost.com
Staff writer Rob Stein contributed to this report.
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