PART III 1
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS A TACKLE IMMEDIATE CONSEQUENCES
Countries must adopt a multi-sectoral approach to wastewater management as a matter of ur- gency, incorporating principles of ecosystem- based management from the watersheds into the sea, connecting sectors that will reap immediate benefits from better wastewater management.
On its journey through the hydrological cycle, water is used and reused an infinite number of times by various industries, com- munities and ecosystems. With 70–90 per cent of the water being used and some 50 per cent of the nutrient loading added before water even enters urban areas, wastewater management must address not only urban but also rural water management through improved forestry, agriculture and ecosystem manage- ment. This requires national plans and organization as it can- not be dealt with solely by municipalities or single ministries.
Eventually water reaches the coastal plains, estuaries, ports and harbors where communities, agriculture and industry are burgeoning. More wastewater is generated and finally it is dis- charged to the sea, frequently with little or no treatment, con- taminating seafood, polluting critical ecosystems and threaten- ing biodiversity. Wastewater management should reflect the community and ecological needs of each downstream ecosys- tem and user. Improved ecosystem management, including integrated forestry, livestock, agriculture, wetland and riparian management, will reduce and mitigate the effects of wastewa- ter entering rivers, lakes and coastal environments. The best option is to close the nutrient loop and harness the potential of wastewater for re-use in agriculture, or to generate biogas, thus turning the nutrients contained therein into resources.
Successful and sustainable management of waste- water requires a cocktail of innovative approaches that engage the public and private sector at local, national and transboundary scales. Planning processes should provide an enabling environment for innovation, including at the community level.
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To succeed in the face of some of the largest threats to human health, productivity and environmental degradation, it is not sufficient to address only one source of contamination. Gover- nance frameworks should clarify and link the roles of central and local authorities and communities, including rural areas; promote public responsibility; and where appropriate, facilitate private investment and involvement in wastewater manage- ment. The use of technology in wastewater management should also be multi-faceted and should reflect the needs and capacity of local communities. Incentives should encourage innovative, adaptable approaches to reduce the production of wastewater and potency of its contaminants. The use of green technologies and ecosystem management practices should be used more ac- tively and encouraged, including in rural areas with regard to both water supply and wastewater management.
Whilst experience has shown that privatizing water manage- ment as a means to gain more investments rarely results in positive results, the private sector has demonstrated improve- ments in operational efficiency and service quality. Hence, rather than outsourcing management, integrated partnership models where the private sector is given responsibility not for the full water management, but mainly for certain operational segments, can work best
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