Converting water into red meat
Latin America and Caribbean
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
Eastern and South Eastern Asia
Water use for cattle drinking requirements
1 hundred cubic kilometres per year
Cattle production Heads
3 500
1750 400
Sources: FAO statistical database, 2009;FAO, Livestock Long Shadow. Environmental Issues and Options, 2006. Data refers to 2003.
Figure 11: Production of red meat has a significant demand on water with impacts on quality.
Atlantic Ocean
North America
West Asia and Northern Africa
Indian Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Oceania
worldwide (WHO-FAO, 2006), particularly in arid and semi- arid regions and urban areas where unpolluted water is a scarce resource and the water and nutrient values of wastewater repre- sent important, drought-resistant resources for farmers. How- ever, untreated wastewater may contain a range of pathogens including bacteria, parasites, viruses, toxic chemicals such as heavy metals and organic chemicals from agriculture, industry and domestic sources (Drechsel et al, 2010).
There are clear health advantages related to wastewater use in agriculture, stemming directly from the provision of food (mainly vegetables) to urban populations. It is estimated that 10 per cent of the worlds population relies on food grown with
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contaminated wastewater (WHO-FAO, 2006). In Pakistan, about 26 per cent of national vegetable production originates from urban and peri-urban agriculture irrigated with wastewa- ter (Ensink et al, 2004). In Hanoi peri-urban agriculture, using diluted wastewater, provides 60–80 per cent of the perishable food for local markets (Lai, 2002, Van den Berg et al, 2003).
Whilst providing affordable food, the use of wastewater for food production without proper management can pose a seri- ous risk. This risk can be to farmers and farm workers who come into direct contact with wastewater affected through faecal-oral transmission pathways or contact with disease vec- tors in the water, such as schistosomiasis. Consumers and
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