induced land use, land-use change and forestry activities (UN- Respiration
FCCC 2009). The process whereby living organisms convert organic matter
to carbon dioxide, releasing energy and consuming molecular
Leakage oxygen (IPCC 2007c).
In the context of climate change, carbon leakage is the result
of interventions to reduce emissions in one geographical area Sequestration
(subnational or national) that lead to an increase in emissions The removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide, either through
in another area. For example, if curbing the encroachment of biological processes (for example, photosynthesis in plants
agriculture into forests in one region results in conversion of and trees, see Biosequestration), or geological processes (for
forests to agriculture in another region this is considered to be example, storage of carbon dioxide in underground reservoirs)
“leakage”. In the context of REDD, leakage is also referred to as (Department of Climate Change 2008).
‘emissions displacement’ (Angelsen 2008).
Sink
Mitigation Any process, activity or mechanism that removes a greenhouse
A human intervention to reduce the sources of or enhance the sinks gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas or aerosol
for greenhouse gases (Department of Climate Change 2008). from the atmosphere (IPCC 2007c).
Ocean acidification Source
A decrease in the pH of sea water due to the uptake of anthro- Any process, activity or mechanism that releases a greenhouse
pogenic carbon dioxide (IPCC 2007c). gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas or aerosol
into the atmosphere (IPCC 2007c).
Open ocean
Where the water depth exceeds 200m around the boundaries Sustainability
of the major continental land masses. This definition excludes A characteristic or state whereby the needs of the present and
the marginal enclosed and semi-enclosed seas, but includes all local population can be met without compromising the ability
ocean regions bordering lesser island systems regardless of wa- of future generations or populations in other locations to meet
ter depth (UNEP and IOC-UNESCO, 2009). their needs (Chopra et al. 2005).
Permanence United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
The duration and non-reversibility of a reduction in GHG emis- Change (UNFCCC)
sions (Angelsen 2008). This is an issue in the land use sector as car- The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
bon stored and sequestered in ecosystems is theoretically always Change (UNFCCC) is the first international climate treaty.
vulnerable to release at some undetermined point in the future. It came into force in 1994 and has since been ratified by 189
countries including the United States. More recently, a number
Reforestation of nations have approved an addition to the treaty: the Kyoto
Reforestation is “the direct human-induced conversion of non- Protocol, which has more powerful (and legally binding) mea-
forested land to forested land through planting, seeding and/or sures (Kirby 2008).
the human-induced promotion of natural seed sources, on land
that was forested, but that has been converted to non-forested UNFCCC
land”. In the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, re- See United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
forestation activities have been defined as reforestation of lands
that were not forested on 31 December 1989, but have had forest
cover at some point during the past 50 years (Angelsen 2008).
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