are seeing shifts in species distributions in the North Sea with
Fact box 7. Healthy aquatic ecosystems con-
nearly two thirds of the commercially important species shift-
tribute to food security and livelihoods
ing northward in mean latitude or deeper in depth or both since
• Fisheries and aquaculture contribute significantly to food secu-
1970 (Perry et al., 2005; Dulvey et al., 2008). Recent projections
rity and livelihoods, but depend on healthy aquatic ecosystems.
of changes in the distribution ranges of more than 1,000 com-
These contributions are often unrecognized and undervalued.
mercially important fish species, based on climate change sce-
• Over 500 million people in developing countries depend, di-
narios to 2050 predict numerous species extinctions in sub-polar
rectly or indirectly, on fisheries and aquaculture for their liveli-
regions, the tropics and semi-enclosed seas (Cheung et al., 2009).
hoods. Fish (including shellfish) provides essential nutrition for
Climate change will also impact the levels of invasive marine or-
3 billion people and at least 50% of animal protein and essential
ganisms, which often damage commercial fish stocks. Studies
minerals to 400 million people in the poorest countries.
predict species invasion will be profound in the Arctic and South-
• Aquaculture is the world’s fastest growing food production ern Oceans (Cheung et al., 2009). Indeed, together these changes
system, growing at 7% annually – but the production of ex- could result in a significant turnover of species of more than 60%
ternally fed aquaculture (48% of total aquaculture produc- of present biodiversity. This has the potential to disrupt a range of
tion) is largely dependent upon marine fisheries for feed. marine ecosystem services including food provisioning.
• Fish products are among the most widely traded foods, with
more than 37% by volume of world production traded inter-
Climate change will impact across all the four dimensions
nationally.
(availability, stability, access and utilization) of food security.
• Natural barriers such as sand dunes, mangrove forests and
coral reefs dampen the impacts of a range of coastal haz-
Availability of aquatic products will vary through changes in eco-
ards, including storm/cyclone surges and tsunami waves,
systems, production, species distribution and habitats. Changes
helping to protect coastlines from their full impact.
will occur at regional and local levels in freshwater and marine
Source. PaCFA, 2009
systems due to ecosystem shifts and changing aquaculture op-
tions, which depend on availability of key inputs. Production
49
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