Analysis and news Gas
Radiofrequency lead
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Figure 1 Reprinted figure 1 from Prodell A G and Kusch P Hyperfine structure of tritium in the ground state Physical Review 106, 87–9, 1957. Copyright 1957 by the American Physical Society.
Figure 2 Diagram adapted from Prodell A G and Kusch P Hyperfine structure of tritium in the ground state Physical Review 106, 87–9, 1957. Copyright 1957 by the American Physical Society and republished with per- mission of Taylor and Francis Group from Atomic and Molecular Beams: Production and Collimation by C B Lu- cas, 2013; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
Mercury
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permission. The amount of detail to be specified in the figure captions includes the title of the original paper. In reviewing the publications of others, most of this is detailed in the reference list anyway, but possibly without the paper title. Readers are unlikely to need the repeated information. However, a check on recently published books shows many publishers just state: ‘with permission’ and then link to the reference list for the source of reused diagrams, rather than repeat the full information specified by the publisher. Useful information on which publishers might offer the granting of republication permission can be obtained from the STM Member Directory. If a publisher has a tick in the column: ‘Opting out of receiving express permissions (‘automatic’ process)’, there is a reasonable chance, but no certainty, that online permission may be obtained by authors registering with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC). In all cases, participating publishers give the reference to their Internet site for permission information. CCC has a multiple part online form that requires detailed information beyond the title of the journal, its year of publication, the number of figures to be used and brief details of the intended republication. In practice, I found that I only obtained
a few grants of permission from CCC. In most cases I had to contact publishers directly but, with the exception of one, I obtained free rights to use the diagrams
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I drew. However, it was expected that at least one of the authors should be contacted as well. This became particularly onerous for early papers from overseas sources, but when I was able to locate authors, they all gladly gave their permission. In cases where I could not trace them, the publishers eventually agreed to waive their requirement. I discovered that some journals have not only discontinued publication but the publishers appear to have closed. A further stipulation from some publishers is that diagrams should not be modified. This was usually accepted as necessary because of the employment of SVG diagrams. However, in some cases I had to send my proposed diagram for approval, which was then granted. Some publishers even requested the anticipated number of pages, cover price and print run before granting permission.
Conclusions In summary, the whole process of obtaining permission to reuse photographs and also my own diagrams was time consuming. It required extensive tracing of copyright holders in some difficult cases, careful record keeping to check on the applications made in all cases, further correspondence in many and in just one, payment of a fee. Finally, I had to send a complete copy of all the permissions granted to my publisher for checking. The situation is now worse than
it was years ago, both for authors and publishers. A lot of effort is required for little financial return for anyone. What is achieved by obtaining permission? It is usually granted free of charge. Any author reviewing the work of others will give the reference to it. If a diagram is included in the text, it is hardly likely to have come from any other source than the cited work and if it is, this will be stated. Hence, the repeated reference is of no value to readers and has cost the author and publishers time and money. It is appropriate to wonder whether copyright holders do search publications to see if limited material is correctly acknowledged.
Suggestions 1. All publishers should adopt and extend the fair use guidelines to state explicitly that photographs, diagrams and graphs published in academic journals and books may be reproduced or redrawn without obtaining their permission, provided the source is clearly stated if it is not evident from the reference to the published paper. 2. The request of also obtaining the permission of authors to reuse their material should be discontinued. 3. Rather than requesting that diagrams and graphs should not be modified, the wording: ‘Adapted from ….’ should be acceptable. The STM stated principle of involving a minimum of administration would then be achieved, to everyone’s benefit.
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