Optoelectronics
Figure 3: Comparison between 4x10G link aggregation and using a single coherent 100ZR link.
the cloud effectively requires fast, high- bandwidth wide-area connectivity to ensure optimal performance of cloud-based applications.
Figure 4: Simplified diagram of a DWDM link between the coherent termination device (CTD) and the hub in a cable access network.
Coherent 100ZR uplinks driven by cable migration to 10G PON Cignal AI’s 100ZR report also states that the primary catalyst for 100ZR adoption will be the multiplexing of fixed access network links transitioning from 1G to 10G. This trend will be evident in the long-awaited shift of cable networks from
Gigabit Passive Optical Networks (GPON) to 10G PON, driven by the new DOCSIS 4.0 standard. This standard promises 10Gbps download speeds for customers and necessitates several hardware upgrades in cable networks.
To multiplex these larger 10Gbps customer links, cable providers and network
Figure 5: Simplified diagram of a DWDM link between a business and a cloud provider.
operators must upgrade their optical line terminals (OLTs) and Converged Cable Access Platforms (CCAPs) with 100G DWDM uplinks. Additionally, many of these new optical hubs will support up to 40 or 80 optical distribution networks (ODNs), making the previous approach of aggregating multiple 10G DWDM uplinks insufficient for handling the increased capacity and higher number of channels. Anticipating these needs, the non-profit R&D organisation CableLabs has recently spearheaded the development of a 100G Coherent PON (C-PON) standard. This proposal offers 100 Gbps per wavelength with a maximum reach of 80 km and a split ratio of up to 1:512. CableLabs envisions that C-PON, with its 100G capabilities, will play a significant role not only in cable optical network aggregation but also in other scenarios such as mobile x-haul, fibre-to-the-building (FTTB), long-reach rural areas, and distributed access networks.
Advancements in business services with 100ZR coherent and QSFP28 Nearly every organisation utilizes the cloud in some capacity, whether for resource development and testing or software-as-a- service applications. However, leveraging
Figure 6: Comparison between QSFP-DD and QSFP-28 form factors for 100G applications.
Like cable networks, enterprises will need to upgrade their existing 1G Ethernet private lines to 10G Ethernet to meet these requirements, consequently driving the demand for 100G coherent uplinks. Cable providers and operators will also seek to capitalize on their upgraded 10G PON networks by expanding the reach and capacity of their business services. The business and enterprise services sector was an early adopter of 100G coherent uplinks, deploying “scaled- down” 400ZR transceivers in the QSFP-DD form factor when they were the available solution. However, since QSFP-DD slots also support QSFP28 form factors, the emergence of QSFP 100ZR solutions presents a more appealing upgrade for these enterprise applications, offering reduced cost and power consumption. While QSFP28 solutions had struggled to gain widespread acceptance due to the requirement for new, low-power digital signal processors (DSPs), DSP developers and vendors are now actively involved in 100ZR development projects: Acacia, Coherent/ADVA, Marvell/InnoLight, and Marvell/OE Solutions. This is also why EFFECT Photonics has announced its plans to co-develop a 100G DSP with Credo Semiconductor that best fits 100ZR solutions in the QSFP28 form factor.
Takeaways
In the coming years, deploying and applying 100G coherent uplinks will witness increasing prevalence across the network edge. Specific use cases in mobile access networks will require transitioning from existing 10G DWDM link aggregation to a single coherent 100G DWDM uplink. Simultaneously, the migration of cable networks and business services from 1Gbps to 10Gbps customer links will be the primary driver for the demand for coherent 100G uplinks. For carriers providing converged cable/mobile access, these uplink upgrades will create opportunities to integrate additional business services and mobile traffic into their existing cable networks. As the ecosystem for QSFP28 100ZR solutions expands, production will scale up, making these solutions more widely accessible and affordable. This, in turn, will unlock new use cases within access networks.
https://effectphotonics.com/
www.cieonline.co.uk. Components in Electronics September 2023 51
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