Optoelectronics
Where is 100ZR needed? S
Simply relying on traditional direct detect technologies will not meet the growing bandwidth and service requirements of mobile, cable, and business access networks, particularly regarding long-distance transmission. In many instances, deploying 100G coherent dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technology becomes essential to transmit larger volumes of data over extended distances, explains EFFECT Photonics
everal applications in the optical network edge could benefit from upgrading from 10G DWDM or 100G grey aggregation uplinks to 100G DWDM optics:
Mobile mid-haul: Seamless upgrade of existing uplinks from 10G to 100G DWDM.
Mobile backhaul: Upgrading links to 100G IPoDWDM.
Cable access: Upgrading uplinks of termination devices like optical line terminals (OLTs) and Converged Cable Access Platforms (CCAPs) from 10G to 100G DWDM.
Business services: Scaling enterprise bandwidth beyond single-channel 100G grey links.
However, network providers have often been reluctant to abandon their 10G DWDM or 100G grey links because existing 100G DWDM solutions did not fulfill all the requirements. Although “scaled-down” coherent 400ZR solutions offered the desired reach and tunability, they proved too expensive and power- intensive for many access network applications. Moreover, the ports in small to medium IP routers used in most edge deployments do not support the commonly used QSFP-DD form factor of 400ZR modules but rather the QSFP28 form factor.
How coherent 100ZR can move into mobile X-haul
The transition from 4G to 5G has transformed the radio access network (RAN) structure, evolving it from a two-level system (backhaul and fronthaul) in 4G to a three-level system (backhaul, midhaul, and fronthaul) in 5G: Fronthaul: The segment between the active antenna unit (AAU) and the distributed unit (DU).
Midhaul: The segment from DU to the centralized unit (CU).
Backhaul: The segment from CU to the core network.
Most developed countries have already initiated the rollout of 5G, with many operators upgrading their 1G SFP transceivers
50 September 2023 Figure 2: Simplified diagram that shows and compares the building blocks of 4G (left) and 5G (right) access networks and the links between these blocks.
Figure 1: Simplified diagram of a DWDM link in the midhaul and backhaul of a mobile network.
to 10G SFP+ devices. Some of these 10G solutions incorporated DWDM technology, but many were single-channel grey transceivers. However, to advance to the next phase of 5G deployments, mobile networks must install and aggregate a greater number of smaller base stations to accommodate the exponential increase in connected devices. These advanced stages of 5G deployment will necessitate operators to cost-effectively
Components in Electronics
scale fibre capacity using more prevalent 10G DWDM SFP+ solutions and 25G SFP28 transceivers. This upgrade will pressure the aggregation segments of mobile backhaul and midhaul, which typically rely on link aggregation of multiple 10G DWDM links into a higher bandwidth group (e.g., 4x10G). However, this type of link aggregation involves splitting larger traffic streams and can be intricate to integrate within
an access ring. Adopting a single 100G uplink diminishes the need for such link aggregation, simplifying network configuration and operations. To gain further insight into the potential market and reach of this link aggregation upgrade, it is recommended to consult the recent Cignal AI report on 100ZR technologies (https://cignal. ai/2023/02/100zr-coherent-at-the-network- edge/)
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