are likely to be clearings, shrubs and rivers of varying size. As well as the preceding information, considerations should be given to the following:


1. Due to the terrain, it is likely that a forced landing in trees will cause a large loss of life and multiple injuries. the priority is to attempt to land either in a clearing or on a river or lake.


2. Most jungles are inhabited with both people, animals, reptiles, etc. With very few exceptions, the indigenous people are friendly. They tend to make their villages near major rivers and it is said that ‘rivers are the roads of the jungle’.


3. There is a multitude of animal and insect life but most of the animals are so timid that although you may hear them, it may be several days before you see them. Insects vary from those which just cause a nuisance to those which are a health hazard.


4. The jungle is the easiest place to survive in as there is an abundance of food and water. however there is a risk of sickness caused by plants and insects.


5. There is likely to be rain, so protection from this is paramount. Use slide/rafts and large broad leaves to create shelter.


6. Rescuers will have difficulty locating survivors as the canopy of trees overhead will probably obscure all visual signals and reduce the efficiency or radio beacons.


To overcome this: ✓ Stay in the vicinity of the aircraft ✓ Put emergency locater transmitters as high as possible ✓ Light smoky fires


✓ Scatter brightly colored objects (life jackets, life rafts etc) to give contrasting colors in any clear space


7. If you decide to leave the vicinity of the aircraft e.g. to a clearing or river where location is made easier, ‘blaze a trail’ i.e. leave markers to ensure you can return to the aircraft if needed. Progress through jungle will be slow and tedious, traveling as little as 1 or 2 miles per day.


8. Purify all water before use – use purification tablets or boil.


9. Any food items caught e.g. small animals or plant life should be cooked and tested i.e. try a very small amount and wait for any side effects. These should only be mild and not harmful.


10. Do not eat anything with a milky sap. 11. Avoid any fungi.


12. If leeches or ticks attach themselves to the body, never pull them off. Apply heat, salt or wood ash to them. They should drop off. Examine each other frequently for leeches or ticks. Adopt the ‘buddy system’.


13. Mosquitoes appear in the early morning and the late afternoon. They infect with malaria. To avoid mosquito bites establish the camp well away from swamps and on an elevated site and cover the body as much as possible.


ARCTIC/WINTER SURVIVAL


The principles of winter survival must be applied to any region where low temperatures, high winds and a covering of snow prevail at various times. The terrain can range from the bare ice cap to the coniferous forest with some form of tundra between. Tundra is a level or undulating treeless plain with permanently frozen subsoil that is characteristic of arctic and sub- arctic regions. It is more difficult for you to satisfy your basic water, food, and shelter needs in a cold environment than in a warm environment.


13 Survival, Search and Rescue


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