behind their current Eastern time zone. We looked at whether they wrote their messages using meeting times that were in Eastern time or in Pacifi c time. For those who wrote in Eastern time, that refl ected egocentrism. On the other hand, if they wrote it in Pacifi c time, that refl ected perspective-taking. What we found was that participants who felt angry consistently tended to refer to their own egocentric time zone — Eastern time. We also assess perspective-taking using other measures, where we present a number that can look like a 16 from one vantage point, or a 91 from another vantage point. We also asked them questions about who they would side with in terms of an insurance case, when attributing blame. So, there are a number of
CITATION | LEARJET
diff erent ways that we induce anger, and a number of diff erent ways we assess perspective-taking.
Knowledge@Wharton: We know that anger reduces perspective-taking, so what can employees and managers do when anger arises?
Schweitzer: The fi rst thing to recognize is that perspective-taking is always an eff ortful and challenging process. It’s not something we do well naturally, and in any strategic decision, any collaborative decision, we need to work at perspective-taking. The fi rst thing I would say is to be mindful of how important and challenging perspective-taking is. The second thing, informed by our work, is to recognize that how we feel can infl uence our ability to take perspective. When we feel anger in
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particular, as well as any other high- arousal emotion, we should recognize that our ability to think about other people’s perspectives is diminished. We’re more likely to think egocentrically, and our tendency to focus in on ourselves becomes exacerbated by the high-arousal emotion of anger or other related emotions. So, we’ve got to check our emotions, be mindful of that, and recognize that we’re going to be more likely to adopt an egocentric perspective.
Knowledge@Wharton: Are there specifi c techniques that either a worker or a manager can use when these situations arise?
Yip: In our research, we examined both incidental and integral anger, and we were able to gain insight on
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