Presenter: Voice:
Presenter: Voice:
Track 3.16
quotation, interruption, emphasize, sincerity, efficiency, forgiveness, improvement Track 3.17
I agree with you. That’s right. Absolutely. Possibly. Perhaps … You could be right. I suppose so. I don’t really agree with you … I’m not sure. I still think that … I still don’t believe that … I’ve changed my mind. Now, I think … OK, you’re right. Yes. Actually, that’s true.
Presenter: Voices:
Track 3.18
1. I have two brothers. 2. I live close to this institution. 3. I’m quite good at English. 4. I’m a morning person. 5. I’m going to go abroad for my next holiday. 6. I don’t like the weather at the moment. 7. I didn’t go to any lectures last week. 8. I’m looking forward to the exams. 9. I probably won’t work in this country.
Presenter: Lecturer:
Track 3.19
How much sleep do you get each day on average? If the answer is nine or ten hours, you are very unusual. The average for American teenagers, for example, is 7.4 hours per night. According to scientists, this is far too little. The average teenager needs about nine and a half hours of sleep. This is more than a young child, and more than an adult. Teenagers need more sleep because there are a large number of physical changes happening to their bodies. If they do not get enough sleep, they suffer many bad effects of sleep deprivation; for example, they get angry easily, they find it hard to concentrate in class and they may feel stressed because they are always late for school.
Sleep is a physical and mental state in which a person rests their body. During periods of sleep, most senses, such as sight and smell, shut down and you are not aware of changes in the outside world. Your muscles lose power and you do not move around very much. This is why you do not normally fall out of bed. When you go to sleep, there are physical effects, too. For example, your heart rate decreases, your body temperature goes down and your breathing rate falls. However, surprisingly perhaps, there is no decrease in brain activity. In other words, your brain is as active when you are asleep as when you are awake.
Researchers do not know the exact function of sleep, but clearly the body needs periods of complete rest. The harder you work during the day, the more sleep you need. There is also evidence that the brain uses a period of sleep to organize long-term memory and to fix information learnt during the day. A few studies have shown that it is a good idea to learn words from another language just before you go to sleep. The period of sleep seems to fix the words in your memory. Sleep may even help your brain and your body to work properly during periods of wakefulness. Studies have shown that if you do not get enough sleep, your ability to do even simple tasks goes down. This effect is not just on mental activity, but sporting tasks as well.
All animals, including humans, have a pattern of sleeping and waking. It is called the circadian rhythm, spelt C-I-R-C-A-D-I-A-N R-H-Y-T-H-M. The rhythm is controlled largely by a chemical called melatonin – M-E-L-A-T-O-N-I-N. There is a difference in the sleep patterns of teenagers compared with the sleep patterns of younger children and adults. When you are young and when you pass your teens, you are normally ready to go to sleep at around 10 p.m. That is because melatonin is released into the blood at this time. But the sleep pattern changes at about 13 or 14. The melatonin is released later, sometimes as late as 1 a.m. Teenagers often don’t feel tired until that time, then, of course, they have to get up five or six hours later to go to school.
There is a chemical which prepares you for sleeping. It is called melatonin – M-E-L-A-T-O-N-I-N. The chemical is produced at about 10 p.m. in children and adults. But in teenagers, it is released later, at about midnight. This is why teenagers often go to bed so late. This later release of the melatonin has probably always happened in teenagers. However, the situation is worse nowadays because teenagers often have computers and televisions in their bedrooms. Researchers believe that the light from this equipment tells the brain that it is still daytime, and so the brain does not release the sleep chemical. You can manage the production of melatonin by turning down the lights in your bedroom and turning off your computer and television one hour before you want to go to sleep.
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