BEST PRACTICE
References 1 Costerton JW. Overview of microbial biofilms. J Ind Microbiol 1995; 15 (3): 137-40.
2 Flemming HC, Wingender J. The biofilm matrix. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2010; 8: 623-33.
3 Health & Safety Executive. Legionnaires’ disease. The control of legionella bacteria in water systems. Approved Code of Practice, 2013 [
https://www.hse.gov.uk/ pubns/books/
l8.htm].
4 Department of Health & Social Care. HTM 04-01. Safe water in healthcare premises, 2017 [
https://www.gov.uk/ government/publications/hot-and-cold- water-supply-storage-and-distribution- systems-for-healthcare-premises].
5 Weber W. Paris’ Pompidou hospital plagued by setbacks. Lancet 2001; 357: 130.
6 Health Protection Scotland. Summary of Incident and Findings of the NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde: Queen Elizabeth University Hospital/Royal Hospital for Children water contamination incident and recommendations for NHS Scotland, 2018 [
https://tinyurl.com/y6ol5c8s].
7 ESGLI. European technical guidelines for the prevention, control and investigation, of infections caused by Legionella species, 2017.
8 Bédard E, Prévost M, Déziel E. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in premise plumbing of large buildings. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5 (6): 937-56.
9 Walker JT, Jhutty A, Parks S et al. Investigation of healthcare-acquired infections associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in taps in neonatal units in Northern Ireland. J Hosp Infect 2014; 86 (1): 16-23.
Dr Jimmy Walker
Dr Jimmy Walker is an independent water consultant, and director of Walker on Water. He worked for Public Health England as a scientific leader in Water Microbiology and Decontamination, and managed a range of research projects in water microbiology and rapid detection technologies to assess the presence of opportunistic pathogens such as Legionella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacteria spp. He worked closely with the Department of Health (DH England) and the Health and Safety Executive in writing and developing national and international guidance on the microbiology of water and decontamination in healthcare. He has over 30 years’ experience in public health microbiology, with an extensive publication record in peer-reviewed journals, including his recently edited book, Decontamination in Hospitals and Healthcare. He has recently been involved in writing water guidance during COVID-19, has contributed to BS 8680 Water Safety Plans, and is currently involved in BS 8580-part 2, Risk assessment of P. aeruginosa. He is currently the chair of the Central Sterilising Club.
Dr Mike Weinbren
Dr Mike Weinbren is a Consultant Medical Microbiologist with an interest in waterborne healthcare infections. He has published and lectured on this topic for a number of years, and contributed to the HTM and British Standards around water. His particular interests are the role of drains in dispersal of organisms, and preventing waterborne issues in new constructions. He is chair of the Healthcare Infection Society working party on water.
November 2020 Health Estate Journal 69
10 Garvey MI, Bradley CW, Holden E. Waterborne Pseudomonas aeruginosa transmission in a haematology unit? Am J Infect Control 2018; 46 (4): 383-6.
11 Smismans A, Ho E, Daniels D et al. New environmental reservoir of CPE in hospitals. Lancet Infect Dis 2019; 19 (6): 580-1.
12 Kizny Gordon A et al. The hospital water environment as a reservoir for carbapenem-resistant organisms causing hospital-acquired infections – a systematic review of the literature. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2017; 64: 1435-44.
13 Garvey MI, Bradley CW, Tracey J, Oppenheim B. Continued transmission of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a wash hand basin tap in a critical care unit. J Hosp Infect 2016: 94 (1): 8–12.
14 Aranega-Bou P, George RP 2, Verlander NQ et al; TRACE Investigators’ Group. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae dispersal from sinks is linked to drain position and drainage rates in a laboratory model system. J Hosp Infect 2019; 102 (1): 63-9.
15 Drinking Water Inspectorate. The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2016.
16 Falkinham JO, Pruden A, Edwards M. Opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens: increasingly important pathogens in drinking water. Pathogens 2015; 4: 373-86.
17 Ibrahim YW, Base DL, Cree IA. How could contact lens wearers be at risk of Acanthamoeba infection? A review. J Optom 2009; 2: 60-6.
18 Chand M, Lamagni T, Kranzer K et al. Insidious risk of severe Mycobacterium chimaera infection in cardiac surgery patients. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 64 (3): 335-42.
19 Sommerstein R et al. Global health estimate of invasive Mycobacterium chimaera infections associated with heater–cooler devices in cardiac surgery. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24: 576-8.
20Health & Safety Executive. Legionnaires’ disease – Technical guidance Part 2: The control of legionella bacteria in hot and cold water systems, 2014. [
http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/ hsg274.htm].
21 Berthelot P, Chord F, Mallaval F, Grattard F, Brajon D, Pozzetto B. Magnetic valves as a source of faucet contamination with Pseudomonas aeruginosa? Intensive Care Med 2006: 32 (8): 1271.
22 Kohn, J. Pseudomonas infection in hospital. Br Med J 1967; 4 (5578): 548.
23 Kotay SM Parikh HI, Barry K et al. Nutrients influence the dynamics of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase producing enterobacterales in transplanted hospital sinks. Water Res 2020; 176: 115707.
24 Hopman J Tostmann A, Wertheim H et al. Reduced rate of intensive care unit acquired Gram-negative bacilli after removal of sinks and introduction of ‘water-free’ patient care. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2017; 6: 59.
25 van der Lugt W, Euser SM, Bruin JP, Den Boer JW, Walker JT, Crespi S. Growth of Legionella anisa in a model drinking water system to evaluate different shower outlets and the impact of cast iron rust. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220 (8): 1295-308.
26 Garvey MI, Ashford R, Bradley CW et al. Decontamination of heater-cooler units associated with contamination by atypical mycobacteria. J Hosp Infect 2016: 93 (3): 229-34.
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