LOW CARBON ENERGY
180 160 140 120 100 80
380 330 280 200 180 130 80
Electric hot water boiler
Air source heat pump
Electric panels/
Electric hot water boiler
Figure 5: Difference in heating fuel costs in France.
review is based on utilising indirect hot water storage electric calorifiers fed by the LTHW system. The system will include boilers, burners, flue systems, and incoming gas supply. High-efficiency, low-NOx boilers ensure efficient pre-heating and mixing of air and fuel to reduce greenhouse gas emissions during combustion.
Assessment method A series of technical and financial assessments were undertaken on each of the proposed solutions to allow numerical comparison with respect to financial and carbon implications. Factors that were assessed and contributed to the overall comparisons include the below. n Capital cost of the installation, including: •Heat generating plant and domestic hot water system.
•Heating and domestic hot water distribution costs and heat emitters.
•Where relevant, electrical infrastructure required to support the heating system, including transformers, generators, and enhanced HV distribution, as required.
n Maintenance costs are based on a comprehensive component-based review of each proposed system’s constituent parts from main plant and the distribution network. Estimated maintenance costs and frequency of required works were incorporated into the assessment.
n The calculations consider cooling,
lighting, auxiliary, and equipment energy loads, as part of the annual energy consumption.
Capital and maintenance cost of systems
The difference in capital and maintenance costs are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. These are independent of fuel carbon content and fuel kWh price.
The findings indicate that the gas-fired boiler solution has the lowest capital cost, and the electric hot water boiler system has the lowest maintenance costs. Capital costs for the all-electric solution are impacted by electrical distribution, including additional transformers, generators, and infrastructure. In addition, an ASHP solution is significantly more expensive in terms of plant costs. Due to the quantity of ASHP units, the maintenance requirements are more extensive. Electric hot water boilers have a lower maintenance cost, due to gas-fired boilers requiring dual fuel burners, versus the more straightforward boiler maintenance of an electric boiler.
Operational costs in the UK At current electricity and gas fuel prices and carbon factors, the running costs in terms of financial, and carbon, are shown in Figures 3 and Figure 4.
Annual fuel costs are impacted by the difference in unit cost of 2.3p/kWh for
Gas-fired boiler
Electric hot water boiler
Air source heat pump
Electric panels/
Electric hot water boiler
Figure 6: Difference in annual carbon emissions in France.
gas, and 17p/kWh for electricity, at current UK prices. Carbon emissions are impacted by the difference in unit kgCO2 of 0.28 for electricity and 0.18 for gas.
The situation in France
Of all the countries for which kWh cost and carbon factor data was identified, the low carbon content and relative price for France was chosen for analysis. The findings are shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6.
Annual fuel costs are impacted by the difference in unit cost of 3.3p/kWh for gas, and 14p/kWh for electricity, at current prices in France. Carbon emissions are impacted by the difference in unit kgCO2 of 0.047 for electricity and 0.18 for gas.
Impact on distribution networks The switch to providing heat from an electric source has an impact on grid connections. Generally, the electrical maximum demand of the hospital will significantly increase due to the large heating loads that would be fed from the electrical supply. It is important to realise that generally the maximum demand is the absolute worst case anticipated connected load on the hospital. This value should include realistic levels of diversity to account for the operational differences, e.g. from 24-hour accident and emergency departments to day clinics.
The medical facility standby power maintenance provider
UPS maintenance contracts Theatre light backup systems Generator maintenance contracts
Our contract maintenance programmes include: •Thermal surveys •Comprehensive battery testing •PM visits, plus: •Intermediate site inspections •Loan equipment for Gold Contracts
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24 HOUR...POWER August 2021 Health Estate Journal 35
Gas-fired boiler
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