bacterial sources. The new-generation phytase is around 45% more effective in increasing body weight gain and around 70% more effective in improving feed conversion. These im- provements are due to the superior ability of the new-gener- ation phytase to liberate more phosphorus from the dietary phytate, in addition to its beneficial effect in reducing the an- ti-nutritive properties of phytate. Economically, the use of the new-generation phytase can result in a saving of about US$ 4.0-6.0 per tonne of low-quality feed.
Enzymes and feed economy – layers The layers diet should be supplemented with higher amounts of enzyme compared to the amounts needed for broilers (4 g/ kg or more). This is because the layers need extra enzymes in the feed to compensate for the reduced production of indige- nous enzymes as they mature. There may also be unknown factors that affect the utilisation of the enzyme at advanced ages, which prompts the need for exogenous enzyme appli- cation. In a study, multiple enzyme preparations were used in corn and soybean-based diets. The diets were formulated to contain high-energy (2,753 Kcal/kg) and low-energy (2,638 Kcal/kg) and were fed to laying hens over a period of 26 weeks (from 41 to 67 weeks of age). In both cases, feed costs were reduced by US$ 9.8 per tonne and the feed cost per 1000 kg of eggs produced was reduced by US$ 21.2. Other studies have shown a significant effect on egg production, total egg mass, and feed conversion. It was further
demonstrated that supplementation of corn-soybean meal diets with enzymes not only increases the available energy of legumes but also helps alleviate digestive disorders associat- ed with the carbohydrate source in the diet. The improvement caused by the enzyme preparation exceeds the costs of its ap- plication, which enhances the profitability of egg production.
Potential for use of natural enzyme sources Further economic advantages could be obtained when using natural sources of enzymes. Dried figs, for example, could serve as a source of natural enzymes such as cellulase, xyla- nase, and glucanase. These enzymes can be useful in poorly digestible diets containing high levels of barley or other grains. The high viscosity of the gut contents with such diets reduces digestibility and utilisation. A study was conducted to compare the performance of broiler chickens fed diets sup- plemented either with artificial enzyme premixes or dried fig meal. Growth rate and feed efficiency were increased by 7% and 12%, respectively by feeding the dried figs. At the same time, water consumption and mortality were reduced by 3% and 1.8%, respectively. No information, however, is available on the effect of using dried figs in diets fed to laying hens. The cost of a dried fig diet varies from one part of the world to another but is, in all cases, less than a diet containing commercial enzyme preparations.
References are available from the author upon request ▶ ALL ABOUT FEED | Volume 28, No. 2, 2020 19
Enzyme supple- mentation can reduce the cost of broiler feed by up to US$ 11 per tonnne.
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