Air Monitoring 11


the absence of calibration with test gases, the demonstration prototype offers a straightforward solution. Furthermore, its independence from meteorological conditions, as opposed to passive, sunlight-dependent spectroscopy or shore-based point measurements relying on air mass transport, enables regulatory authorities to effi ciently monitor ship emissions, ensuring both effectiveness and economic effi ciency. The highly targeted sensitivity of the measuring system also creates compatibility to compliance monitoring of potential future directives, lowering emission limits for marine vessels.


Figure 2: Concept for the development of the measuring instrument. IR and UV/VIS systems are combined into a remote measuring system to determine all necessary gases in exhaust plumes of sea and inland waterway vessels.


In addition to optimizing operations by reducing the number of mandatory fuel analyses of incoming ships, the demonstration prototype enables port operators, for the fi rst time, to validate the so-called “Environmental Shipping Index” (ESI) with actual measurement data. Depending on the level of the ship-specifi c ESI, which is based on emissions of SO2


, NOx


Figure 3: Example time series of measured SO2


and NO2 trace gas


concentrations obtained during a preliminary study using LP-DOAS near Hamburg across the Elbe River. Emissions plumes with elevated levels of SO2


and NO2


stand out distinctly as peaks (blue lines) against measured background concentrations (green lines). The use of AIS allows for the assignment of corresponding ship passages to the peaks (grey dashed lines).


, CO2 , and the


ability to be supplied with shore power, port operators grant particularly environmentally friendly ships discounts on berthing fees or other benefi ts. However, the ESI is based on voluntary information provided by the ship operators and has so far only been checked by port personnel on a random basis, if at all, in labor-intensive and time-consuming on-board inspections, such as document inspection and fuel analysis.


Another advantage for port operators is the autonomous, digital recording of total emissions (ships plus port infrastructure) from the port area and, based on this, the possibility of new environmentally and climate-friendly concepts such as an adaptive emissions management. SEICOR also offers the possibility of monitoring air quality in the port area and along waterways, and thus the potential to quantify the sustainability, effi ciency, and climate compatibility of the shipping sector through publicly available measurement data.


The maritime industry, particularly shipowners, also benefi t indirectly from the development and future use of the demonstration prototype. The main advantage is a more equitable environment within the shipping industry. The direct and large-scale monitoring of NOx


lack of operational readiness of such systems, only random sampling is possible. Achieving continuous, high-temporal- resolution monitoring of SO2


and NOx cost-effective level is not feasible with drones or aircraft.


To address these challenges, the Ship Emission Inspection with Calibration-free Optical Remote sensing (SEICOR) project was initiated. This innovative approach relies on a calibration-free, optical remote sensing system for accurate 24/7 monitoring of SO2


, NOx and CO2 emissions. Developers aim to utilize


the stationary system at ports or other ship traffi c nodes autonomously with minimal maintenance and logistical costs. Furthermore, reporting will also be fully automated and made available to the relevant control bodies for easy integration into existing digital systems (e.g., port management), resulting in shorter throughput times (e.g., elimination of manual document and logbook checks on board in the case of remote measurement of the emission signature), increased fl exibility and economic effi ciency. The demonstration prototype developed through this project will monitor SO2 NO2


, NOx ), CO2 (NO + and, in the future, particulates. Ensuring dependable,


real-time monitoring of ship emissions from a distance requires a robust construction for operation under diffi cult conditions, such as wind, spray, and corrosive environments. The system concept is based on the open path spectroscopy methods UV/ vis Long Path Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (LP-DOAS) and IR Tunable Laser Diode Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS). The SEICOR demonstration prototype will combine UV/vis LP-DOAS with IR-TDLAS to enable remote sensing of ship emission plumes over long distances, covering harbor entrances, rivers or other marine traffi c nodes. The main components of the instrument are light sources (high-power UV/ vis LEDs and IR diode Lasers), which are coupled to a motorized telescope, a retro refl ector and an analyzer unit (see Figure 2). A measurement path is formed between the telescope and the


refl ector. Within this measurement path, NO, NO2 emission parameters at a , SO2 and CO2


abundances are measured by spectral analysis of the respective unique molecular absorbances in the UV/vis and IR spectral range. Combined with ship position and IDs taken from recorded AIS data, emission plumes can be detected, quantifi ed and assigned to specifi c marine vessels.


The capabilities of LP-DOAS instruments in measuring ship emissions have already been demonstrated in previous studies. For example, in Krause et al., 2021, an LP-DOAS instrument has been set up at the Elbe River close to Hamburg.3


The Elbe


River serves as the entrance route to the port of Hamburg and is regularly frequented by a variety of ships. In this study, the instrument measured the abundance of NO2


and SO2 and SO2 along


a light path stretching across the river. When ships passed through, the NO2


abundances increased for a short


period of time and decreased shortly thereafter. Generally, the result was a peak-like structure in the time series that can be easily identifi ed. In conjunction with simultaneously gathered AIS-Data, the respective source ship of each peak has been identifi ed. An example of the measured time series of NO2 SO2


capability to quantify and monitor the emissions of ships.


The new measurement system is intended to ensure a level playing fi eld and sustainability of shipping by collecting reliable per-vessel emission data. Furthermore, the resulting emission data archive enables direct determination of the effi ciency of future emission reduction measures and technologies in the maritime sector.


Thanks to its user-friendly operation, which includes autonomous data recording and reporting, minimal personnel costs, extended maintenance intervals, low material costs, and


Author Contact Details Dr. Jan Poppe, HORIBA Europe GmbH, Oberursel, Germany • Hans-Mess-Str. 6, 61440 Oberursel, Germany • Tel: +49 6172 1396 0 • Email: jan.poppe@horiba.com Dr. Stefan Schmitt, Airyx GmbH, Eppelheim Germany Dr. Kai Krause, Institut für Umweltphysik der Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany


Dr. Jan Poppe


1World Ocean Review vol. 7 - The Ocean, Guarantor of Life – Sustainable Use, Effective Protection, 2021 https://worldoceanreview.com/wp-content/downloads/wor7/WOR7_en.pdf 2UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 2023, United Nations, 2023 https://unctad.org/system/fi les/offi cial-document/rmt2023_en.pdf


3Krause et al., Estimation of ship emission rates at a major shipping lane by long-path DOAS measurements, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2021, Vol. 8, https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/14/5791/2021/ READ, SHARE or COMMENTon this article at: envirotech-online.com/article Dr. Stefan Schmitt Dr. Kai Krause


and sulfur emission factors


by the SEICOR product exposes ships that gain a competitive advantage by not complying with guidelines, e.g., by using unauthorized, cheaper fuel (heavy fuel oil) in corresponding emission control areas (ECAs) or by manipulating or switching off NOx


SCR systems to save AdBlue and maintenance costs.


This parallels the situation in the road transport sector, where comparable practices occur through devices called AdBlue emulators.


Continuously monitoring emissions allows for the detection of subtle changes in the emission signature, which may indicate a future defect. Comparing data from several passages of the same ship measured at different measurement locations makes it possible to counteract operational failures and increase the ability to plan maintenance work.


and


is shown in Figure 3. Using this information, the emissions of the ships were quantifi ed, but it became apparent that a simultaneous measurement of CO2


would largely increase the


In general, the large-scale use of a measurement method, such as the SEICOR demonstration prototype, has the potential to drive the development and implementation of new environmentally and climate-friendly technologies in the maritime industry. The more effi cient and large-scale offi cial enforcement of emission guidelines made possible by SEICOR and the quantifi cation of the impact of emission-reducing technology through SEICOR measurement data, provides incentives to invest in new, sustainable technologies and concepts, such as the use of fi lter systems (scrubbers), exhaust gas purifi cation systems and the use and development of alternative fuels such as LNG, ammonia or hydrogen.


This project is supported by HORIBA Europe GmbH, Airyx GmbH, the University of Bremen and the Technical University of Munich and funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK) on the basis of a decision by the German Bundestag.


Help shape future emission technology by taking our fi ve-minute anonymous survey to evaluate the SEICOR technique and ensure it meets industry requirements: https://horiba.link/SEICOR


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