Analytical Instrumentation 5
A Comparison of Boat Introduction and Direct Injection
Low value products from crude refining are often converted to higher value blending stock using catalytic cracking processes. These low value products typically contain high concentrations of nitrogen and sulphur, both of which are detrimental to catalytic performance. Knowledge of the sulphur and nitrogen content of low value distillates is therefore required prior to processing into higher value products.
This application note compares the technique of direct spray injection to that of boat inlet oxidation for the analysis of heavy hydrocarbons. Direct spray injection measurements were performed using the Thermo Scientific iPRO 5000 Series Total Nitrogen and Total Sulphur (TN/TS) analyser, whilst boat inlet oxidation was conducted using a Thermo Scientific TN/TS 3000 analyser.
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Ultra Low Levels of Sulphur and Nitrogen in Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Oxygenates
Even very low levels of sulphur and nitrogen are detrimental to the effectiveness of catalysts used in refining processes.
Refineries therefore require the ability to monitor nitrogen and sulphur content of feedstocks in the sub-mg/kg region.
This application note describes a direct injection, oxidative combustion technique for the measurement of ultra-low levels of total nitrogen (TN) and total sulphur (TS) present in aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenates. These hydrocarbons may include bio-fuels. A Thermo Scientific iPRO 5000 Series Total Nitrogen and Total Sulphur combustion analyser was used to perform the analysis.
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Quantification of Sulphur Content in Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) are a group of hydrocarbon gases typically comprising three or four carbon
atoms. The primary constituents of LPG are
propane (C3H8), propylene (C3H6), butane (C4H12) and butylenes (C4H8). There is also increasing interest in the use of dimethly ether
(C2H6O) as a potential substitute for propane, despite the drawbacks associated with its
reactivity towards valve-seals and tubing.
This application note describes a direct injection technique, which is fully compliant with ASTM D6667, for measuring low levels of sulphur in LPG using the Thermo Scientific iPRO 5000 S Total Sulphur analyser.
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Thermo Scientifi c iPRO 5000 SeriesTN/TS Analyzer for petrochemical analysis
• Complete ASTM compliance assured • Analyze the widest range of samples • The smallest TN/TS analyzer available • Ultra-fast analysis with less calibrations
Reader Reply Card No 23 Annual Buyers’ Guide 2013 •
www.petro-online.com
Determination of Sulphur in ULSD, Biodiesel and Jet Fuel
Petroleum fractions boiling in the range 150°C to around 350°C include jet fuel, kerosine and diesel fuel. These are commonly referred to as middle distillates and are often blended with cracked products from the hydrocracking and hydrogenation of heavy feedstocks.
This application note describes a direct injection technique for the routine analysis of sulphur content in common middle distillate fuels. A Thermo Scientific iPRO 5000 S Total Sulphur combustion analyser fitted with a Thermo Scientific jetPRO direct spray injector was used to measure the Total Sulphur (TS) content of three ASTM Crosscheck sample types - ultra low sulphur diesel (ULSD), biodiesel and jet fuel.
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Breakthrough versatility
The new Thermo Scientifi c iPRO 5000 Series Total Nitrogen and Total Sulfur Analyzer uses our innovative direct injection design, where one sample introduction module enables automated analyses of both heavy and light hydrocarbons to give you dramatic time saving benefi ts. This breakthrough is combined with exceptional accuracy and precision for total confi dence in your routine ASTM compliant measurements. This single instrument is your total solution for oil refi neries, commercial testing labs and R&D centers.
accuracy and precision • see the potential at •
www.thermoscientifi
c.com/ipro with exceptional
© 2011 Thermo Fisher Scientifi c Inc. All rights reserved.
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