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MEASUREMENT & TESTING


Optimising flow meter performance: important factors to consider


Titan Enterprises has published a new technical article focusing on flow meter performance. The article discusses the factors involved in determining the overall performance of pulse output turbine flow meters and how each factor influences the accuracy of flow measurement.


Flow meters have become essential measuring devices used in a vast array of different industries. From commercial applications measuring the fuel feeding industrial boilers, for flow monitoring of lubricant supply lines for wind turbines, to dosing chemicals for agricultural sprays. Domestically, flow meters are installed to manage the dispensing of beer or coffee and built into washing machines and dishwashers to meter efficient water usage.


Turbine flow meters are invaluable measurement tools, and


their repeatability and linearity are the key elements that determine the flow meter’s performance and overall accuracy. Both the mechanical properties of the flow meter and the physical properties of the fluid combine to influence the general performance of the flow measurement device.


Terms synonymous with calibrating flow meters - the K-Factor, calibration uncertainty, repeatability, accuracy and linearity - are explained. The technical article discusses the relationship between all these flow factors and how they each influence the overall performance of a flow meter.


Whereas turbine flow meters, such as Titan’s Beverage flow meter and 800 series, offer the high level of repeatability and reliability required for accurate batch delivery systems, Titan’s Atrato®


and Metraflow® gear flow meters, are highly accurate over wider flow ranges, especially with viscous liquids such as oils.


Neil Hannay, Senior R&D Engineer with Titan Enterprises, explained: “When customers are deciding on appropriate flow meters to suit their application, they need to be aware of the difference between FSD linearity and ‘of reading’ linearity accuracy, as often suppliers do not specify which accuracy is being quoted for.” The technical article from Titan illustrates how the linearity reading has a significant impact on the performance of the flow meter, particularly at the low end of its flow range.


Read the technical article in full. More information online: ilmt.co/PL/BjVR


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The launch of ABB’s CEMcaptain will help shipping comply with the sulphur emission regulations that were enforced in 2020, and keep in check their CO2


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footprint.


In January 2020, the low sulphur and nitrous oxide emission limits in the International Maritime Organization regulations became effective worldwide. CEMcaptain is a powerful emissions monitoring system from ABB designed to help the maritime industry meet these new regulations and become more sustainable. Its measurement and digital capabilities increase on-board safety, provide process optimisation and substantially reduce ownership costs. By consistently achieving 98 percent and more uptime, the new system not only requires less maintenance effort but also saves time otherwise spent on handling non-compliance issues.


Designed with busy mariners and a regularly changing crew in mind, CEMcaptain is a multi-component analyser system that continuously provides real-time data offering reliable measurement of emissions with the highest stability. Operating in even the harshest of conditions it integrates analyzer modules and sample handling components in a standalone cabinet, making installation easy.


Equipped with ABB’s renowned Uras26 non-dispersive IR gas analyser, CEMcaptain simultaneously and continuously measures sulphur dioxide (SO2


to allow for continuous CO2


) and carbon dioxide (CO2 /SO2


) in line with regulation requirements. Each analyser has two separate gas paths measurement of separate streams, with up to four different components per analyser module.


“Our solutions are driving the evolution of sustainable shipping, paving the way to a zero-emission marine industry. ABB has more than 60,000 Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS) installed in over 100 countries that help monitor our environment,” said Stephen Gibbons, ABB’s Head of Product Management in Continuous Gas Analysers. “We draw on 60 years of experience in emissions monitoring to provide this support in concrete terms. CEMcaptain has been combined with innovations in on-site and remote digital services. The result is a solution that provides the industry with a digital toolbox that increases regulatory compliance and operational efficiency.”


Fast fault reporting, diagnosis and repair are achieved via the on-site and remote digital services which help operators get closer to 100 percent availability for their gas analysis instrumentation. Dynamic QR codes are integrated into the ABB CEMcaptain system display panel. All relevant diagnostic information can be collected from the analyser via a scanned code and transferred to ABB support. This means that maritime instrumentation technicians can send real-time information to an ABB service expert to get immediate guidance on appropriate maintenance. ABB Ability™ Remote Assistance with secured connectivity direct to ABB support is also offered for real-time solutions to problems. These features reduce the costly training of changing crews as well as the number of experts required on board. They also increase on-board safety by reducing crew exposure to emissions.


CEMcaptain GAA610-M is approved by all major classification societies (DNV GL, ABS Group, Lloyds Register, Bureau Veritas, ClassNK, Korean Register).


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Plant engineers responsible for water and wastewater treatment in municipal and industrial plants will find that Electro-Chemical Devices (ECD) now offers them two different highly accurate and reliable solutions to measuring total organic carbon (TOC) levels to protect water quality.


Organic compounds are found in almost all types of water – from natural and treated drinking water to process water, cooling water, and water used in pharmaceuticals and food production. Too much organic contamination in the water interferes with many municipal and industrial processes. For example, when disinfecting drinking water an excess of organic matter can foster microbiological growth or indicate the presence of other undesirable byproducts.


New emission monitoring solution helps the maritime industry achieve decarbonisation targets


Measuring TOC levels continuously with online analysers is a highly effective, dependable way to monitor water and wastewater for hazardous contaminants. Depending on the plant, the process and the water quality requirements, plant engineers typically select one of the industry’s two most popular sensing techniques to measure TOC. The ECD Model 3S TOC Analyser measures TOC using the UV persulphate oxidation method with carbon dioxide detection by nondispersive infrared absorption (NDIR). In comparison, the ECD Model UV-6 TOC Analyser measures TOC levels with a UV absorption correlation technique. Both ECD analyser models provide excellent TOC measurement accuracy and repeatability to ensure compliance with water quality standards.


ECD’s Model 3S TOC Analyser measures TOC in liquid samples ranging from 0–5 mg/L to 20,000 mg/L. The UV persulphate oxidation method conforms to EPA, DIN, CE, ASTM, and NAMUR regulations as well as meeting the requirements of ISO and EN directives.


The highly dependable Model 3S TOC Analyser features a fast-loop reservoir with a floating level sensor. If no sample reaches the reservoir for more than a pre-set time, the analyser switches automatically to standby mode. As soon as the sample flow re-starts, the analyser switches back to the analysis cycle automatically. Air bubbles are removed in the reservoir before the sample enters the analyser.


The sample first is acidified and then sparged to remove inorganic carbon. The remaining liquid is mixed with sodium persulfate and digested by two high-performance reactors. The resulting CO2


is


then stripped from the liquid and, after drying, its concentration is measured by a NDIR analyser to determine TOC levels.


An alternative TOC analytical method is the UV correlation technique performed by the ECD UV-6 Analyser. The analyser is factory configured by ECD to measure TOC as correlated with the 254 nm wavelength and the final correlated calibration is done by matching the TOC measured to the on-site grab sample TOC value.


The Model UV-6 Analysers are a family of on-line sampling analysers that use UV absorption to perform an analysis. The analysers are configured to perform analysis over a wide range of values for each parameter measured, nitrate, colour, or the correlation at 254 nm wavelength for TOC, COD or BOD.


This technique measures TOC based on the measurement of UV absorption in the sample. The absorbance of the solution or gas is measured though a quartz flow cell at the chosen parameter’s specific wavelength using a long-life xenon light source and photo-detectors. The absorbance level is related to the sample concentration according to the ‘Beer-Lambert Law’.


The UV6 Analyser features an easy-to-use reagent-less design. The UV spectroscopy measuring principle requires no chemical reagent resulting in very low operating and maintenance costs. There are no reagent chemicals to order, store, track and dispose at the end of their useful life, simplifying the entire process.


Two ways to measure TOC levels in water: UV persulphate NDIR versus UV correlation


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