Viscosity Spotlight - Analytical Instrumentation 15
23000 centistokes. Their kinematic viscosities at other temperatures are also known with the precision expected of an ASTM D2162 product. There are also standards for viscosities at low temperatures such as might be experienced by a jet fuel at full altitude (DC Scientific, 2011). An alert reader may well be wondering why a pure organic compound cannot be used as a reference instead of an expensive standard. This is fine provided that the viscosity of the compound has itself been determined in a master viscometer by ASTM D2162, but reliance on a tabulated value of the viscosity of the pure compound is not satisfactory.
Not only the ‘advanced’ nations but the less so have standards bodies, and this article will conclude with mention of a viscosity specification by a body from a less developed region of the world. IS 15607: 2005, issued by Bureau of Indian Standards, gives the kinematic viscosity range for biodiesels made in India as 2.5 to 6.0 centistokes. This differs a little from the requirements of European Standard 14214 which are given in the above table.
References
ASTM International. (2013) ASTM D445-12 [online] Available at:
http://www.astm.org/Standards/D445.htm [Accessed 27 February 2013]
BP. (2013) BP Marine [online] Available at:
http://www.bp.com/
extendedsectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9031126&contentId=7056965 [Accessed 27 February 2013]
Cannon Instrument Company. (2013) miniAV Series [online] Available at:
http://www.cannoninstrument.com/
miniAV.htm [Accessed 27 February 2013]
Conostan. (2013) Viscosity Standards [online] Available at:
http://www.conostan.com/oil-viscosity-
standards.aspx [Accessed 27 February 2013]
DC Scientific. (2011) Low Temperature Viscosity Standards [online] Available at:
http://dcglass.com/products-and-services/measurement-calibration-standards/low-temperature- viscosity-standards [Accessed 27 February 2013]
Esso. (2009) Esso Ultra, Super Premium Passenger Car Engine Oil [online] Available at:
http://www.ravansanatoil.com/PDF/OIL/ESSO/IOCAENPVLESEsso_Ultra.pdf [Accessed 27 February 2013]
Exxon Mobil. (2005) World Jet Fuel Specifications [online] Available at:
http://www.exxonmobil.com/AviationGlobal/Files/WorldJetFuelSpecifications2005.pdf [Accessed 27 February 2013]
Johnson A.J., Auth G.H., 1951. Fuels and Combustion Handbook. McGraw-Hill. Jones J.C., 2005. Advice on flash points. Petro Industry News, 6(3), pp. 10
PM Tamson Instruments. (2013) Master Cannon Fenske Viscometer, ASTM D2162 [online] Available at: http://www.tamson-
instruments.com/
index.php/products/acessories/viscometers/master-cannon-fenske/master-cannon
-fenske-viscometer-astm-d2162.html [Accessed 27 February 2013]
The Engineering Toolbox. (2013) Fluids – Kinematic Viscosities [online] Available at:
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/
kinematic-viscosity-d_397.html [Accessed 27 February 2013]
Thomas Scientific. (2013) BS/IP/SL Suspended Level Viscometer [online] Available at:
http://www.thomassci.com/Equipment/Glass-Viscometers/_/BSIPSL-SUSPENDED-LEVEL- VISCOMETER?q=Kinematic%20Viscometer [Accessed 27 February 2013]
Online Viscometer Takes the Heat and the Pressure
The XL7-HT series of in-line viscometers from Hydramotion Ltd (UK) have been developed specifically for continuous real-time viscosity measurement under conditions of extreme high pressure and high temperature (XHPHT) with the demanding applications of the oil industry very much in mind.
Ideal for the monitoring of drilling or fracturing fluid viscosity at the wellhead, the XL7 viscometer can measure any viscosity range at temperatures up to 400°C in pipes of any diameter or tanks of any capacity. The sensor is a single solid probe whose unique architecture imposes no real limit on pressure. The ability to withstand harsh measurement conditions makes the XL7 the instrument of choice for a great many applications. XL7 viscometers have been supplied to a leading oilfield services provider for the measurement of heavy crude at 5000 psi and 100°C (345 bar at 212°F). The company’s XL7-900-d15 model viscometer is rated up to 20,000 psi (1380 bar), and even higher ratings are possible. Unlike many other instruments, the XL7 viscometer is unaffected by plant noise or vibration, flow rate, or the presence of “slugs” of air or gas.
“We have a lot of industry experience,” comments Danny Morbey, Product Manager at Hydramotion. “Our instruments are used in many of the world’s oilfields and oil refineries for the measurement of many products, from quench oil to heavy distillates. The XL7 is also used in all aspects of fuel oil handling, for example during transportation, blending, or to control viscosity during burning.”
Every XL7 is available as an Intrinsically Safe version to EEx 'ia' IIC T6 and carries certificates for ATEX II 1G, CENELEC and TIIS, allowing transducers to be operated even in the most hazardous (Zone 0) environments (Div1 Class 1 Group A in North America). Customised instruments have also been supplied for High Pressure Cell (HPC) measurements in the laboratory. “With our technology we can design a system for any application,” says Morbey. “We have many years’ experience of designing sensors to suit very specific requirements.”
Eminently practical, Hydramotion viscometers are “fit and forget” devices, engineered for simple installation, long-term reliability and unrivalled ease of use. When hooked up to a temperature sensor, the XL7 can display either “live” viscosity or viscosity corrected to a reference temperature. It can be supplied with any process fitting: while flanged, threaded or clamp connectors are typical, custom fittings can be provided where required. Fully calibrated in the company’s own temperature-controlled manufacturing facility, the instruments need no on-site calibration. In addition, there are no moving parts to wear out or fail in service, so maintenance is virtually nil.
Reader Reply Card No 39 Line of HT Series Viscosity Standards Expanded
Cannon Instrument Company (USA) has announced the addition of a new viscosity reference standard to the current HT series of standards used for calibration of high temperature high shear (HTHS) viscometers. The Cannon HT22 Certified Viscosity Reference Standard is being introduced to accommodate an upcoming change to the HTHS test method that expands the viscosity range of the test. The expanded viscosity range will allow testing of revised viscosity grades of oils that are in process in the industry. The nominal dynamic viscosity of HT22 at 150 °C is 1.5 cP.
Reader Reply Card No 40
2013 Catalogue Loaded with New Products
Brookfield Engineering Laboratories (USA) has released their new 2013 full- colour catalogue with complete details on all product lines. This year’s catalogue is headlined by the brand new DV2T Viscometer and DV3T Rheometer featuring touch screen technology. These new instruments deliver the most advanced user experience in viscosity testing and measurement.
The 2013 Catalogue also features: New PG Flash Software for automatic testing in stand-alone mode and RheocalcT Software for use with the new DV2T Viscometer and DV3T Rheometer running under PC control; New TC Series Baths and Controllers sporting a sleek new design with touch screen technology plus multiple language and connectivity options; Many new Fixtures and Probes for the CT3 Texture Analyser designed for food, cosmetics, materials testing and pharmaceutical applications.
The 2013 Catalogue includes Brookfield’s complete line of laboratory and in-line Viscometers/Rheometers, Texture Analysers and Powder Flow Testers.
Reader Reply Card No 41 Since 1972
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APRIL / MAY 2013 •
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