Microscopy 101
slide in a linear fashion and melted on a thin layer of the poly- mer of interest were investigated. All experimental work was conducted using a Linkam MDSG600 motorized heating/ freezing stage connected to an imaging station equipped with a reflective LED light source and a 10× magnification lens. A summary of the experimental workflow is shown in Figure 7, along with the images generated and two example traces—one for a polymer with good miscibility and one for a polymer that is immiscible. Here, alongside thermomechanical information provided by DSC, structural analysis of specific regions of the optical images is facilitated by TASC, allowing precise char- acteristics of the temperature-dependent phase changes to be quantified for particular points on the sample. Tis ensures an accurate observation of the drug melting point and is useful in cases where samples are inhomogeneous and may have local phase transitions not picked up by standard DSC.
Summary Dynamic imaging offers microscopists a powerful tech-
nique to extend their insight into materials of all kinds. Changes can be visualized, captured, and,
in many cases,
quantified. System selection and optimization is a multi- faceted process where traditional optical parameters must be considered together with detailed specifications of cameras and soſtware. With an optimized system, dynamic imaging looks set to become a standard approach in many previously intractable applications.
References [1] L von Helden et al., Appl Phys Lett 114 (2019) 232905-1-5:
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5094405.
[2] C-W Chen et al., Nat Commun 8 (2017) 727–34: https://
doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00822-y.
[3] Y Leterrier, Linkam Application Note Fragmentation test method for adhesion analysis of coatings in situ in a microscope. Laboratoire de technology des composites et polymers, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland (2015).
http://bit.ly/Linkam-Fragmentation- AppNote.
[4] A Arabino et al., Linkam Application Note Study of the effect of temperature and a steady state shear flow on the nucleation rate of spherulites in isotactic polypropylene. Polymer Technology Group of the Dept. of Chemical and Food Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy (2020).
http://bit.ly/Linkam-ShearAppNote
[5] JG Briard et al., Sci Rep 6 (2016) 23619–28. [6] M Reading et al., “Local Termal Analysis by Structural Characterization (TASC)” in Termal Physics and Termal Analysis. Hot Topics in Termal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol 11, eds. J Šesták et al., Springer, Cham. Switzerland, 2017.
[7] M Alhijjaj et al., Mol Pharmaceutics 15 (2018) 5625–36. [8] M Alhijjaj et al., Anal Chem 87 (2015) 10848–55.
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