Red Algal and Other Extremophiles


Figure 5: Gene transfer mechanisms in prokaryotes. (a.) A schematic depiction of generic prokaryote asexual reproduction via binary fission, the primary form of vertical transfer of genes. (b.) General mechanisms of prokaryote horizontal gene transfer. i. Conjugation; ii. Transduction; iii. Transformation.


Figure 6: Gene transfer mechanisms in eukaryotes. (a.) Vertical mechanisms. i. A schematic depiction of asexual reproduction in eukaryotes (cartoon is of a hypo- thetical Cyanidioschyzon-like unicellular red alga) via binary fission; ii. Schematic of generic sexual reproduction in a hypothetical animal. (b.) Horizontal mechanisms. i. Uptake of exogenous DNA: into a hypothetical Cyanidioschyzon-like alga (Cyanidioschyzon sp. do not have cell walls so it is easier to take in external molecules); ii. Phagocytosis: a hypothetical amoeba ingests a variety of other organisms (left), including cyanobacteria which are pictured inside a food vacuole (right), and DNA is subsequently transferred to the nucleus during digestion; iii. Viral infection: of a hypothetical Chlamydomonas-like green alga; iv. Plasmid-related activity in a hypothetical Porphyridium-like red alga with algae plasmids transferring genes (red) and bacterial plasmids replicating in the algal nucleus and subsequently transferring genes (blue); v. Endosymbiotic gene transfer: genes from the chloroplasts and mitochondria in this plant cell are transferred to the plant cell nucleus.


2020 November • www.microscopy-today.com 31


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