Carmichael’s Concise Review


Te results of these studies indicated that butterflies


have evolved similar features in species in different periods or epochs in time, that is, convergent evolution which cre- ates analogous structures that were not present in the last common ancestor of those groups. Te authors hypoth- esized that because the ultra-black patches always bor- der colored, white, or bright iridescent patches, they are used to increase the perceived brightness and saturation of colors. Tis may be important in attracting mates and/or making the butterflies appear less appealing to predators (aposematism). Davis et al. pointed out that ultra-black butterfly scales


offer two key advantages for mimicking in a synthetic mate- rial: they are thinner than known alternatives, and they can be fabricated at lower temperatures. Tese findings have important implications for the design of optical instru- ments, photovoltaic cells and, if scaled up in size, radar- absorbing materials for achieving stealth.


References [1] Davis et al., Nat Commun, 11 (2020) 1294. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41467-020-15033-1


Figure 1: Cross section of an ultra-black scale from the milkweed butterfly Euploea klugii showing the three structrures that contribute to ultra-blackness.





[2] Te author gratefully acknowledges Alexander Davis for reviewing this article.


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Fingerprints are one of the major sources of  dual-turbo plasma cleaning™ expels 


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 WWW.EVACTRON.COM 1-650-369-0133 10 www.microscopy-today.com • 2020 November


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