Flora and Fauna Issues During the past century, average temper- atures have increased between 1.3 and 1.9 degrees Fahrenheit, with annual increases accelerating in recent years as 2012, 2015, 2016 and 2017 all set records for ambient heat. Such rising temperatures, combined with increased rain and record-high atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, can have a significant impact on plants— both those that irritate or nourish us, says Howard Frumkin, a medical doctor who co-authored the Lancet report and teaches environmental and occupational health sciences at the University of Wash- ington, in Seattle. Wild, allergy-inducing plants like
ragweed and poison ivy are flourishing. Poison ivy is growing faster, larger and more toxic as excess carbon prompts it to produce more of its rash-inducing com- pound, urushiol. “We are seeing the season for ragweed productivity expanding, with pollen levels rising higher and earlier and lasting longer by several weeks,” advises Frumkin. In 2016, residents of Minneapolis, Minnesota, endured a ragweed season that was 21 days longer than in 1990. Other, desirable crops, like grains, do worse in hotter carbon- rich climes, producing less protein and other nutrients, Frumkin notes. Meanwhile, bugs
are thriving, with longer seasons and wider ranges in which to reproduce. Mosquitoes’ capacity to transmit dengue fever— the world’s fastest-growing mosquito- borne illness—has risen by 11 percent since 1950, more than half of that just since 1990, according to the Lancet report. Fur- ther, the tick that carries Lyme disease is now present in 46 percent of U.S. counties, up from 30 percent in 1998. “My physician colleagues used to treat two or three cases a month during tick season,” says Dr. Nitin Damle, a physician at South County Inter- nal Medicine, in Wakefield, Rhode Island.
Five Steps to Take Today 1
Swap tailpipes for pedals: Bike or walk instead of driving, especially for distances of less than two miles,
which comprise 40 percent of all car trips. A study in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives found that if everyone did this in just 11 cities in the Midwest, not only would carbon dioxide (CO2
)
emissions fall, but it would extend 1,300 lives and save $8 billion in healthcare costs due to better air quality and less sedentary lifestyles.
2 3
Eat less red meat: Producing red meat results in five times more climate-warming emissions per
calorie than chicken, pork, dairy or eggs, according to a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. It also creates 11 times more emissions than the production of potatoes, wheat or rice. Eating less red meat can also decrease an individual’s risk of certain cancers.
Encourage hospitals and doctors’ offices to go green: Te healthcare system is responsible
“Now each of us sees 40 to 50 new cases each season.”
Heat Pollution Rising heat can also aggravate lung condi- tions because it promotes the production of ozone, a major lung irritant. With prolonged heat oſten come wildfires. When one burned for three months in North Carolina in a recent summer, researchers discovered that residents of counties affected by the smoke plume showed a 50 percent increase in emergency trips due to respiratory illness. Like Isaac, more kids are ending up
in hospitals due to soaring temperatures, with U.S. emergency room visits for heat illnesses up by 133 percent between 1997 and 2006. Ahdoot recalls a young football player from Arkansas that showed signs of weakness and fatigue during practice, but wasn’t treated right away. He ended
for about 10 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions, according to a recent study by researchers at the Yale School of Medicine, in New Haven, Connecticut. Boston-area hospitals recently slashed their overall emissions by 29 percent in five years.
4 5
Plant more trees: As they grow, trees remove carbon dioxide from the air. Being around green space
has also been shown to boost mental and cognitive health.
Show compassion: Americans,
per capita, emit six times more CO2 than the global average, according
to research by Jonathan Patz, a medical doctor who directs the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin- Madison. In a TED Talk, he observed that U.S. lower-income populations and those in developing countries are oſten hit hard- est by gaseous emissions. “Tose most vulnerable to the health impacts of climate change are oſten the least responsible,” he says. “Doing something about this is a matter of compassion.”
up with heat stroke, kidney failure and pulmonary edema and ultimately required kidney dialysis. “Every summer now, I see the impacts of increasing temperatures and heat waves on kids,” she says. Climate change can also impact men-
tal health, according to a recent review by the American Psychological Association. Exposure to natural disasters can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder. Plus, accord- ing to research institutions including the University of California, San Diego, and Iowa State University, chronic heat, espe- cially at night, can interfere with sleep and even lead to aggressive behavior. Ten there’s the worry about what to
do about it, and whether it will be enough. “When you talk with people about what is affecting them, climate is definitely one of the things stressing them out,” says Tomas Doherty, Psy.D., a psychologist
April 2018 17
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