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Charge Couple Device (CCD) and Linear Variable Filters (LVF) based instruments has led to smaller devices. Together with smaller computing technology that makes it possible to carry portable devices in a pocket (say, 2 x 4 x 8 inches), in conjunction with optical fibers to interface with all kinds of sample holders for the measurement, has greatly widened the range of conditions under which spectra and analyses can be obtained competitively (i.e. instrument performance gauged to regulatory-based qualification criteria). Technologies have evolved based on business needs (i.e. the morphing of fiber optic industries into spectrometer vendors), individuals have devoted their lives to pursuing the idea of miniature devices (Prof. Fred McClure and Dr. John Coates to name two who have had a huge impact in promoting smaller, faster and cheaper innovations), and a need to measure the sample in situ rather than bringing the sample to the instrument has been emphasized in the manufacturing, commerce and health sectors. All of these factors have converged to create the perfect storm, forcing the miniaturization of NIR instrumentation. The development of portable NIR instruments seems to have become a self-fulfilling prophecy – i.e. NIR as a rapid, non-destructive, non-invasive technique is now portable – based on the following basic factors: it has been done, there are men and woman who have pursued this innovation towards miniaturization, and there is now a real need to make NIR measurements for real time process quality control for medical diagnostics and to combat counterfeiting.
What trends and developments in Raman spectroscopy have impacted the pharmaceutical industry in recent years?
lasers and detectors allow Raman spectra to be obtained with less and less interference from fluorescence.
GR: BM:
The development of stable laser systems, photon efficient spectrometers/cameras, and effective probe technologies
has driven the pharmaceutical Raman market recently. Improved hardware has improved stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility of Raman measurements across numerous process, development and discovery applications. A primary driver in the application of Raman in the process pharma markets has been the development of effective, non-fouling Raman immersion probes that provide stable, reproducible sample interfaces for liquids, powders, slurries and mixed phase systems. The advent of reproducible Raman immersion probes enabled the application of chemometric routines for qualitative and quantitative process Raman analysis. Once Raman measurements could be performed reproducibly from sample-to-sample without the need for refocussing, the technique could be effectively applied for process analysis.
Raman has also seen a proliferation of instruments of roughly the same size as the smaller NIR instruments. Advances in
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