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Table 6: Air Quality Standards in the EU (cont.) Title


Metric PM2.5 PM2.5 # ##


20 µg/m3 (AEI)


Percentage reduction* + all measures to reach 18 µg/m3 (AEI)


Averaging period


Based on 3 year average


Based on 3 year average


Permitted Legal nature


Legally binding in 2015 (years 2013, 2014,2015)


Reduction to be attained where possible in 2020, determined on the basis of the value of exposure indicator in 2010


exceedances each year


n/a n/a


*#*Standard introduced by the new Directive.## Limit value entered into force 1.01.2015 ### Limit value entered into force 1.01.2005 #### Limit value entered into force 1.01.2010 *Under the new Directive the Member State can apply for an extension of up to five years (i.e. maximum up to 2015) in a specific zone. Request is subject to assessment by the Commission. In such cases within the time extension period the limit value applies at the level of the limit value + maximum margin of tolerance (48 µg/m3 for annual nitrogen dioxide limit value).


**Under the new Directive the Member State was able to apply for an extension until three years after the date of entry into force of the new Directive (i.e. May 2011) in a specific zone. Request was subject to assessment by the Commission. In such cases within the time extension period the limit value applies at the level of the limit value + maximum margin of tolerance (35 days at 75 µg/m3 for daily PM10 limit value, 48 µg/m3 for annual PM10 limit value).


Under EU law a limit value is legally binding from the date it enters into force subject to any exceedances permitted by the legislation. A target value is to be attained as far as possible by the attainment date and so is less strict than a limit value.


The new Directive is introducing additional PM2.5 objectives targeting the exposure of the population to fine particles. These objectives are set at the national level and are based on the average exposure indicator (AEI).


AEI is determined as a 3-year running annual mean PM2.5 concentration averaged over the selected monitoring stations in agglomerations and larger urban areas, set in urban background locations to best assess the PM2.5 exposure to the general population. # Exposure concentration obligation


## Exposure reduction target * Depending on the value of AEI in 2010, a percentage reduction requirement (0, 10, 15, or 20 per cent) is set in the Directive. If AEI in 2010 is assessed to be over 22 µg/m3, all appropriate measures need to be taken to achieve 18 µg/m3 by 2020.


Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia (Gromkova 2012). The latter sub-regions are behind in terms of EU legislation and air pollution management practices in Western Europe (Ivanenko 2013), while the societal cost of air pollution in relation to GDP is among the highest in the pan-European region (WHO and OECD 2015). Through its Neighbourhood Policy, the EU aims to support air pollution legislation in those countries by encouraging the introduction of best available


technology approaches, vehicle standards, emission ceilings and integrated pollution prevention permits, and by developing capacities and enhancing implementation (Gromkova 2012). In recent years, for instance, gas flaring reductions in Kazakhstan (Kurmanov 2012) as well as tighter standards for liquid transportation fuel and vehicles in a number of these countries are likely to contribute to improvements in air quality (PCFV 2015).


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