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in the short term when it comes to the need to reduce immediate risks posed by highly hazardous substances in specific product categories, such as heavy metals in toys. In the EU, the comprehensive European Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) does not adequately address the challenge of chemicals in products (Molander and Rudén 2012), and therefore complementary regulations, for example through the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and Toy Safety Directiveshave been introduced. The aim of this legislation is to reduce hazardous substances in certain categories of products, but further harmonization between different pieces of legislation within the EU is needed. The private sector also has an important part to play in meeting the challenge posed by chemicals in products; there is also a clear business case for doing so (IOMC 2014) (More...76).


2.5.5 Food wastage in the pan-European region: a global burden


Food that is not eaten increases pressures on natural resources and competing land-use interests. Globally, annual food losses are equivalent to the production from around 30 per cent of the world’s agricultural land and account for 3.3 gigatonnes of CO2


-equivalent emissions, more than the


greenhouse gas emissions of the Russian Federation (FAO 2013b; FAO 2013c). Average pan-European food wastage per person is higher than the global average (HLPE 2014), and the region may account for up to 20 per cent of the global total.


Looking at different commodities, loss and waste along supply chains in the region differ notably and can be linked to a country’s economic development (Themen 2014). In Western and Central Europe, distribution and consumption stages generally show particularly high rates of waste, while for some commodities, particularly fruit and vegetables, it can be assumed that market conditions divert produce to other uses such as animal feed at earlier stages of the supply chain. In South Eastern and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, significant losses occur at the production and post-harvest stage. Some explanations are outdated facilities, lack of mechanization, insanitary conditions, absence of chilled transport, inappropriate storage (for


98


In the past five years, the loss of food has been given high priority on policy agendas, and is integrated in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goal 12. The high levels of wastage across the region, however, warrant continued and complex efforts and integrated food system approaches (More...77).


2.5.6 Moving towards sound management of chemicals and waste


Chemicals and waste are part of modern society, and cannot be handled in isolation from the broader agenda of sustainable consumption and production (SCP). This is why achievement of environmentally sound management of chemicals and wastes is a specific target under SDG 12 on ensuring SCP patterns. Several targets in different SDGs address chemicals and waste. A significant number of countries in the pan-European region need to improve their basic waste management schemes and overall chemicals management systems.


Food waste Credit: Shutterstock/Dziewul


example, potatoes in non-refrigerated rural household cellars) and power outages during processing (Themen 2014; Koester et al. 2013). But not all loss is avoidable: adverse weather conditions, losses during food processing and meal preparation set a baseline of unavoidable losses, although these are currently not well-quantified.


GEO-6 Assessment for the pan-European Region


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