SUSTAINABILITY
Waste heat Electrical supply Electricity: 330 kWh Hospital equipment Electricity: 1000 kWh
Waste heat: 670 kWh Waste heat: 330 kWh
Chiller system
engineering firms with some of the most important US and Canadian healthcare facilities to compare actual energy consumption with manufacturers’ nameplate data. The aim of this work is to allow hospitals to design systems that accurately reflect the energy that the equipment will consume, rather than the worst case data represented by the manufacturers’ nameplates, especially in the aggregate, where demand factors can offer significant overall system design efficiencies. This data will for the first time enable NFPA to use empirical data to better tune its various demand factors for healthcare facilities. ASHE is soliciting contributions from healthcare engineers all over the world to help with this effort.
Equipment and annual energy usage in a large teaching hospital in Norway. Source: J Healthc Eng 2015; 6 (3): 419-33
Building envelope
what happened in the data centre world where manufacturer competitiveness led to significant improvements in energy reduction during non high use periods. ASHRAE also included a methodology for measuring the energy use of the cooling system associated with water cooled components. To date, ASHRAE has not made progress in compiling actual measurements. In 2011, the European Coordination
Committee of the Radiological, Electromedical and Healthcare IT Industry (COCIR) developed methodologies for measuring the energy consumption of medical equipment due to the lack of a recognised standard.9
They include
methods for ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and radiographic
General equation: ∑
all types of equipment (
Power use by device by mode [W]
Data sources for each piece of information:
•Interview
•Expert knowledge •Model measurements *Integrate measurements
•Medical equipment experts •Hospital personnel
•Medical equipment inventory
Applicability of data:
Device A Device B Device C
Activity patterns by device and/or by service area
Device density ∑ (all devices)
Service area size
Medical equipment EUI for a service area
Total EUI for a given space in a service area
Total EUI for a piece of equipment
Total EUI for a facility
n Facility specific data n ‘Typical’ data n Industry wide data
•Inventory •Spot audit
•Room by room visual
Summation across •Devices •Modes
•Medical units
•Energy bills •Energy audits
For this project:
Activity patterns by device by mode [hr/wk]
Device inventory [no./ft2
] or [no./med. unit]
Medical equipment EUI
[W-hr/ft2 /yr]
Total EUI
[W-hr/ft2 /yr]
Medical equipment Fraction of total energy [%]
Equipment energy Use in each mode [W]
X
Hours of use in each mode [hr/yr]
Area of hospital [ft2
]
equipment, measuring energy use in off or low power mode and pre-image state. They exclude the scan state, considering it relatively insignificant due to the short time period. The guidelines also include energy saving estimates and recommendations for procurement, set up and specific use scenarios. The European standard for end of life is also noteworthy; it requires manufacturers to provide guidance on use and end of life handling of their products in the most environmentally sensitive way.
Future developments The American Society of Healthcare Engineering is currently funding a study of hospital plug loads to help inform the NFPA and ASHRAE standards. This effort brings together several US and Canadian
X
Number of pieces of equipment
) One of the most exciting developments
in the world of hospital medical equipment has arisen in the state of California. The goal of the University of California is to achieve carbon neutrality for all of its buildings by 2025. Recognising the growing importance of medical equipment energy consumption in proportion to other end uses, the university is talking to its vendors about the consumption of their equipment. It is also beginning a process to measure and document the energy consumption of its MRI machines in order to create a baseline from which it can assess potential new equipment. The American Association for Medical
Instrumentation (AAMI) recently issued a comprehensive technical report, ‘Sustainability of Medical Devices – Elements of a responsible product life cycle’.10
The document includes
strategies for buyers and managers on measurement and disclosure,
Source: Laurence Berkeley National Laboratory
=
End-use intensity (EUI) for medical equipment [W-hr/ft2
/yr]
/
Total EUI
for the facility [W-hr/ft2
/yr]
=
Medical equipment Fraction of total energy [%]
Recommended algorithm for calculating medical equipment energy consumption. IFHE DIGEST 2018 67
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