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product of this enzyme is sulfate it produces excess sulfate causing sulfur intolerance. The fast movement of the CBS enzyme also causes the body to require more of vitamin B6, its co-factor, as it gets used up quickly. Similarly, since SUOX requires the mineral molybdenum it will likely increase require- ments for this nutrient as well. Further, this will cause decreased levels of homocysteine. While this may sound like a good thing, without enough homocysteine the methyla- tion pathway will come grinding to a halt. Another ramification is the decreased ability to detoxify.


Glutathione


Glutathione is one of the body’s major antioxidants. It is comprised of the three amino acids glutamine, glycine and cys- teine. In addition to its role combating oxidative stress, it is involved in phase II conjugation reaction. The cytochrome P450 system in the liver has two phases. Phase I detoxification, while necessary, unfortunate- ly can make substances even more toxic. It includes various cytochrome enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP1A2) used to detoxify medi- cations, hormones, and various chemical toxicants. Whereas, Phase II detoxification makes the substance water-soluble and therefore able to be easily excreted. Phase II pathways include glutathione conjugation, acetylation, glucuronidation, amino acid conjugation (glycine and taurine), sulfation and methylation.


Taurine Taurine is another amino acid. It is used as an antioxidant and does not really serve to create proteins like most amino acids. It is found naturally in our skeletal muscles and may therefore be supplied in the diet by meat, poultry and fish. Additionally, taurine may be synthesized in the body using the amino acid cysteine in combination with vitamin B6 via the transsulfuration pathway. Taurine is also required for the formation of bile acids required for appropriate digestion and absorption of fats, helps to stabilize cell membranes, functions as a neurotransmitter (brain chemical) and helps to maintain the balance of fluids within cells. Taurine may be helpful for safely moving heavy metals out of the body as it serves as a very mild chelator.


Glycine Glycine is a conditionally essential


amino acid. This means that while we can synthesize it from other amino acids, there are times when we can require dietary in- take to get sufficient amounts. As mentioned previously it is required for the production of


www.NaturalNutmeg.com 27


glutathione. However, it also can be used for the direct conjugation of many compounds within the body. Further, glycine is also an inhibitory (calming) neurotransmitter.


Decreased Synthesis of Glutathione While we have only discussed one ge- netic SNP related to detoxification there are many more genes that can cause decreased synthesis of glutathione. Additional SNPs include:


• Cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH): involved in transsulfuration pathway and converts cystathionine derived from methionine into cysteine


• Glutathione synthase (GSS): helps pro- duce glutathione • Gamma glutamyltransferase 1 (GGT1): helps to make cysteine available for recycling of glutathione • Glutathione Peroxidase 3 (GPX3): de- toxifies hydrogen peroxide • Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1), Glutathione S-transferase Mu 3 (GSTM3): help detoxify carcinogens, medications, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress using gluta- thione


• Glutathione S-transferase Pi 1 (GSTP1): helps produce reduced glutathione • N-acetyltransferase 1 protein (NAT1)/N- acetyltransferase II protein (NAT2): phase II enzymes that metabolize toxicants


So, why care about complicated path-


ways and genetics? Looking deeply at an individual’s biochemistry provides insight onto the unique makeup of the body and how it may (or may not!) function. When dealing with chemical sensitivities it is often extremely helpful to customize a detoxification program to meet your specific needs. While there are many detoxifica- tion programs on the market, they are very generalized and may not help you improve. For some individuals, such as those with the CBS C699T SNP it could even make your symptoms worse.


Jessica Pizano is the owner of Fit to You, LLC, which offers clinical nutrition and nutrigenomic counseling, as well as person- alized training programs. Her concentra- tions include genetics and nutrigenomics, general health and fitness, weight loss, food allergies/sensitivities, autoimmune disease, obesity intervention, and Pilates. She earned a master’s degree in human nutrition at the University of Bridgeport. She is a certified nutrition specialist through the Board for Certified Nutrition Specialists. She is con- tinuing her studies at Maryland University of Integrative Health where she is pursuing a doctor of clinical nutrition and is also an adjunct faculty member teaching nutritional genomics. Currently, Jessica practices nutri- tion counseling, nutrigenomics, and personal training in her studio in Avon. She may be contacted at (860) 321-7234 or online at www.fittoyouct.com. See ad on page 18.


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